Python 查看对象属性的几种方式: __dict__, di
Python v3.8.5
__dict__
object.__dict__
A dictionary or other mapping object used to store an object’s (writable) attributes.
先来看一下Python类的__dict__
属性和类实例对象的__dict__
属性,例子如下:
class ClassA:
name = "ClassA"
def __init__(self):
self.desc = "A class called ClassA"
def foo_a(self):
pass
@staticmethod
def static_method_a():
pass
@classmethod
def class_method_a(cls):
pass
class ClassB(ClassA):
pass
print(type(ClassA.__dict__), ClassA.__dict__)
print(type(ClassA().__dict__), ClassA().__dict__)
>>>
<class 'mappingproxy'> {'__module__': '__main__', 'name': 'ClassA', '__init__': <function ClassA.__init__ at 0x00CE8538>, 'foo_a': <function ClassA.foo_a at 0x00CE84F0>, 'static_method_a': <staticmethod object at 0x00CCFFA0>, 'class_method_a': <classmethod object at 0x00CEB118>, '__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'ClassA' objects>, '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'ClassA' objects>, '__doc__': None}
<class 'dict'> {'desc': 'A class called ClassA'}
print(ClassB.__dict__)
print(ClassB().__dict__)
>>>
{'__module__': '__main__', '__doc__': None}
{'desc': 'A class called ClassA'}
从以上的测试结果中可以得出以下结论:
- 类和实例分别拥有自己的
__dict__
属性,类__dict__
属性返回的数据格式为mappingproxy
,这是一种只读的数据格式,其中存放的内容为类中定义的静态方法、类方法、普通方法、类变量以及一些内置的属性;而实例的__dict__
属性则返回dict
, 存放的是类实例属性和方法,也就是self.xxx. 所以类实例才可以在运行过程中动态修改属性或方法,继续看下面的代码:
a = ClassA()
a.__dict__['desc'] = 'Repeat: A class called ClassA' # 修改实例变量
a.__dict__['sum_a'] = lambda x, y: x + y # 添加实例方法
print(a.desc)
print(a.sum_a(2, 3))
>>>
Repeat: A class called ClassA
5
ClassA.__dict__['name']='ClassA_1' # 尝试以同样的方法, 修改类变量, 则会抛出异常
>>>
TypeError: 'mappingproxy' object does not support item assignment
- 对于具有继承关系的父类和子类来说,子类的
__dict__
属性不会包含父类的__dict__
; 类实例对象的__dict__
属性,却是存在继承关系的。
注意, Python内置数据类型是没有
__dict__
属性的!
dir() && __dir__
dir([object])
:
Without arguments, return the list of names in the current local scope. With an argument, attempt to
return a list of valid attributes for that object.
dir()方法不带参数时,返回当前本地作用域中的名称列表。带单数时,则返回该对象的有效属性列表。
If the object has a method named dir(), this method will be called and must return the list ofattributes.
如果参数对象实现了__dir__()
方法,并且这个方法必须返回一个属性值列表,则该方法将被调用;
If the object does not provide dir(), the function tries its best to gather information from theobject’s dict attribute.
若参数对象未实现__dir__
方法,则dir()
会尽力从该对象的__dict__
属性获取信息.
- If the object is a module object, the list contains the names of the module’s attributes;
如果参数是模块,则dir()
方法返回的列表中会包含模块属性的名称;- If the object is a type or class object, the list contains the names of its attributes, and recursively of the attributes of its bases;
如果参数是类型或类对象,则返回的列表中包含其属性的名称,并以递归方式获取其基类的属性的名称;- Otherwise, the list contains the object’s attributes’ names, the names of its class’s attributes, and recursively of the attributes of its class’s base classes;
否则,返回的列表中包含对象的属性名称、其类的属性名称以及递归获取其基类的属性名称;
看几个小例子:
-
dir()
不带参数:
import datetime
print(dir(datetime))
print(set(locals().keys()) == set(dir()))
>>>
['__annotations__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'age', 'datetime', 'name']
True
-
dir()
作用于模块
import datetime
print(dir(datetime))
>>>
['MAXYEAR', 'MINYEAR', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'date', 'datetime', 'datetime_CAPI', 'sys', 'time', 'timedelta', 'timezone', 'tzinfo']
-
dir()
作用于类,则会返回当前类以及其基类的类属性列表,这和类的__dict__
属性不同,还是以第一部分中代码作为例子:
class ClassA:
name = "ClassA"
def __init__(self):
self.desc = "A class called ClassA"
def foo_a(self):
pass
@staticmethod
def static_method_a():
pass
@classmethod
def class_method_a(cls):
pass
class ClassB(ClassA):
pass
print(dir(ClassB))
>>>
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'class_method_a', 'foo_a', 'name', 'static_method_a']
- 当
dir(obj)
作用于实例对象,且它的构造类或基类未实现__dir__
方法,则dir(obj)
返回obj
的实例属性,还有构造类及基类的类属性,也就是二者的合集;
print(set(dir(ClassB())) - set(dir(ClassB)))
>>>
{'desc'}
vars()
vars([object])
:
Return the dict attribute for a module, class, instance, or any other object with a dict attribute.
vars([object])
就是返回对象__dict__
属性的内容,无论是类对象还是实例对象,vars([object]) == object.__dict__
。当然,参数对象需要有一个__dict__
属性。
如果没传入参数,就打印当前调用位置的属性和属性值,类似于下面的 locals()
。
print(set(locals())==set(vars()))
>>>
True
locals()
Update and return a dictionary representing the current local symbol table. Free variables are returned by locals() when it is called in function blocks, but not in class blocks
locals()
返回调用者当前局部名称空间的字典。在一个函数内部,局部名称空间代表在函数执行时候定义的所有名字,locals()
函数返回的就是包含这些名称的字典。
def foo(x):
a, b = 1, 2
return locals()
t = foo(0)
print(t)
>>>
{'x': 0, 'a': 1, 'b': 2}