【教书匠阿伦-原创干货】阅读重灾区 :文章主题逻辑展开技巧
为了帮助大家高效备考托福,阿伦老师持续为大家带来托福阅读文章的干货讲解,今天教书匠阿伦就给大家带来的就是托福阅读文章的主题逻辑展开技巧。
在托福阅读中有一个核心点支撑着托福阅读文章的逻辑展开,就是主题支配性。这个词略显抽象,阿伦老师就给大家解释一下其内在意义。每一篇托福阅读文章的题目都遵循中心词一致,也就是说对于阅读考生来说抓住文章的关键信息至关重要。

阅读解题过程遵循以主题为导向;
不理解信息通过主题进行预测和判断;
比如:TPO 46 Passage 01 The Origins of Writing 文章描述的是文字的起源。

在文章第一段:
It was in Egypt and Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) that civilization arose, and it is there that we find the earliest examples of that key feature of civilization, writing. These examples, in the form of inscribed clay tablets that date to shortly before 3000 B.C.E., have been discovered among the archaeological remains of the Sumerians, a gifted people settle in southern Mesopotamia.
当读到 Egypt,Mesopotamia就知道是文明生于埃及和美索不达米亚地区。而后部分提到的clay tablets就是刻在泥板的文字,也就是公元前3000的最早的考古遗迹中发现的文字例证 the earliest examples of that key feature of civilization, writing. 很明显,第一段的主题导向性很强,所以同学们可以迅速解读出主题导向性。
但是原文的第五段部分,考生们就会感到困惑,从段首开始讨论最早的泥板上简单标着各种商品(动物、陶土罐、篮子等)的数量(simple notations of numbers of commodities--animals, jars, baskets, etc)。其实是间接表明文字的出现最开始是作为一种原始的记账手段 (as a primitive form of bookkeeping)。这一部分即使有不理解的信息,大家也可以通过这些间接信息对文章的主题意思有所了解。
The contents of the earliest clay tablets are simple notations of numbers of commodities--animals, jars, baskets, etc. Writing, it would appear, started as a primitive form of bookkeeping. Its use soon widened to document the multitudinous things and acts that are involved in daily life, from simple inventories of commodities to complicated governmental rules and regulations.

接下来阿伦老师就给大家针对不同的阅读主题进行深度解读:
2.1 艺术评论:
-评论某一艺术风格的特性;
-教授一般描述艺术风格的发展过程,并列举相关理由;
在TPO 41 Passage 01 Navajo Art 中,教授在第一段评论了纳瓦霍艺术风格背后的传统文化风俗习惯,结合纳瓦霍传统仪式来进行地板画的制作。
The Navajo have retained some traditional cultural practices that are associated with particular art forms. For example, the most important traditional Navajo rituals include the production of large floor paintings. These are actually made by pouring thin, finely controlled streams of colored sands or pulverized vegetable and mineral substances, pollen, and flowers in precise patterns on the ground.
纳瓦霍保留了一些包含某些艺术形式的传统文化习俗。比如,一个最重要的纳瓦霍传统仪式中包含了大型地板画的制作。以倾倒细腻的且精确控制流量的彩色石沙或者是粉末状的植物和矿物质,花粉,花朵为制作材料,然后以精确的模式在地面上画出来。
第二段的过程就对纳瓦霍的基本目的和意义有了描述。希望用这种动静的变化创造美感。
The purpose and meaning of the sand paintings can be explained by examining one of the most basic ideals of Navajo society, embodied in their word hozho (beauty or harmony, goodness, and happiness). It coexists with hochxo ("ugliness," or "evil," and "disorder") in a world where opposing forces of dynamism and stability create constant change.
通过研究纳瓦霍社会中一个最基本的理念,沙画的目的和意义可以被解释,这个理想在纳瓦霍的hozho这个词中可以体现出来(hozho表示的是美、和谐、善良和幸福)。这个词与hochxo (丑陋、恶、混乱)共存于—个世界中,在这里,动与静的相反力量不断创造变化。
2.2 历史事件:
-常见于地区探索的历史/原始住民的历史/教育史
-介绍历史过程
-带有early和prehistory的修饰词
TPO 43 Passage 01 The Empire of Alexander the Great


第一段:
In 334 B.C. Alexander the Great took his Greek armies to the east and in only a few years completed his creation of an empire out of much of southwest Asia. In the new empire, barriers to trade and the movement of peoples were removed; markets were put in touch with one another. In the next generation thousands of Greek traders and artisans would enter this wider world to seek their fortunes. Alexander's actions had several important consequences for the region occupied by the empire.
这段就是描述的公元前334年,亚力山大大帝带领希腊军队来到东方,在短短几年里,他就建立了一个包括亚洲西南大部分的帝国。在新帝国中,贸易壁垒和民族运动都不复存在,市场也互通有无。在下一代,成千上万的希腊商人和工匠将进入这个更广阔的世界去寻求财富。亚力山大建立的帝国对所在的地区有几个重要的影响。
那么我们可以合理预测接下来的文章中会着重强调这些重要影响,首先是the expansion of Greek civilization throughout the Middle East即希腊文明在整个中东地区的扩张。其次,The philosopher Plato (428-348 B.C.) felt that the ideal city-state should have about 5,000 citizens, because to the Greeks it was important that everyone in the community should know each other. 哲学家柏拉图(公元前428-348)认为一个理想的城邦应该有大约5000名公民,因为对希腊人来说,社区的每个人要互相认识是很重要的。第三点 Greek philosophy was opened up to the philosophy and religion of the East。第三,希腊哲学建立在东方的哲学和宗教之上。
所以这篇文章主要强调的是即亚历山大大帝的个人影响。在文末作者强调了即使希腊人从未采纳他们的宗教系统。亚洲的宗教本能与希腊的哲学精神这种结合在在亚历山大死后传遍了世界,将亚洲文化和希腊的文化融合在一起。
2.3 动物类:
-生活习性或生理特征(具体)
-生物特性或机理 (抽象)
-人对动物产生的影响(正面/负面)
这里阿伦老师以TPO 54 - Overkill of the North American Megafauna描述的是北美大型哺乳动物的过度捕杀作为例子。
Thousands of years ago, in North America's past, all of its megafauna—large mammals such as mammoths and giant bears—disappeared. One proposed explanation for this event is that when the first Americans migrated over from Asia, they hunted the megafauna to extinction. 文章的第一段就对于overkill的起因进行了介绍数千年前,在过去的北美,所有巨型动物——猛犸象和巨熊这些大型动物——都消失了。对此事件的一个解释是,当第一批美国人从亚洲迁移过来时,他们狩猎巨型动物以至于使其灭绝。
科学家们对真正的原因仍然存在争议 Yet many scientists argue against this 'Pleistocene overkill' hypothesis. Modern humans have certainly been capable of such drastic effects on animals, but could ancient people with little more than stone spears similarly have caused the extinction of numerous species of animals? 许多科学家反对这种“更新世过度捕杀”假说。
接下来的文章中就有不同的研究者对这个研究问题进行了深入调查,生态学家Paul S. Martin和研究者J. E. Mosimann, 两位得出了数据,人类从最初开始接触到大型生物到其灭绝的这段时间是在279年到1157年之间。Mosimann and Martin derived figures of between 279 and 1,157 years from initial contact to big-game extinction.
同时地质学家 Larry Agenbroad mapped the locations of dated Clovis sites alongside the distribution of dated sites where the remains of wooly mammoths have been found in both archaeological and purely paleontological contexts. 在地图上标识出了那个时期的克洛维斯遗址的位置以及在考古学和生物学立场下发现长毛猛犸遗体的遗址分布。
2.4 植物类:
与动物类相似
-植物习性或特征
-人对植物产生的影响(正面/负面)
植物类的话题在托福练习中大多归类于生物类,TPO 32 - Plant Colonization讲述的就是植物定居。

文章第一段对植物定居进行了定义以及详细解释。Colonization is one way in which plants can change the ecology of a site. Colonization is a process with two components: invasion and survival. The rate at which a site is colonized by plants depends on both the rate at which individual organisms (seeds, spores, immature or mature individuals) arrive at the site and their success at becoming established and surviving.
定居是植物改变某个地点生态环境的方式之一。定居过程包括两个阶段:入侵和存活。一个地点被植物定居的速度取决于个体生物(种子、孢子、不成熟或成熟的个体)到达该地点并成功存活下来的速度。
所以这篇文章着重强调的是植物的一种适应生态环境的特性。从而进一步论述植物群落中的物种演替,即物种出现和消失的时间顺序。作者也对不同植物种类的入侵速度和灭绝速度都有很大不同(An adaptation that is well developed in colonizing species is a high degree of variation in germination (the beginning of a seed’s growth) 进行了进一步的举例论证。
2.5 科技类文章:
常见三大类: 地质地理, 天文气象, 生物化学及医学
介绍新科技
描述发展过程
对人类影响
过程描述
特征/特点/机理
TPO 25 - The Surface of Mars天文学中的一篇经典文章火星表面。

The surface of Mars shows a wide range of geologic features, including huge volcanoes-the largest known in the solar system-and extensive impact cratering. Three very large volcanoes are found on the Tharsis bulge, an enormous geologic area near Mars’s equator. 原文的开始就描述了火星表面展示了很多种地理特征,包括巨大的火山——太阳系中已知的最大火山——以及覆盖范围很广的陨石坑。在塔尔西斯隆起——火星赤道附近的广阔地质区域——发现了三座非常大的火山。
文章对于火星上火山的各类特征包括: 火星上火山的可观的高度是该行星(相对)较低的地表重力导致的直接结果。The great height of Martian volcanoes is a direct consequence of the planet’s low surface gravity. As lava flows and spreads to form a shield volcano). 火星表面的另一个突出特征是陨石坑。水手计划中的宇宙飞船发现在火星表面布满来自太空的流星撞击表面形成的陨石坑,火星的两颗卫星也是如此 (Another prominent feature of Mars’s surface is cratering. The Mariner spacecraft found that the surface of Mars, as well as that of its two moons, is pitted with impact craters formed by meteoroids falling in from space)。
希望阿伦老师的托福阅读文章的主题逻辑展开技巧。对大家托福备考有所帮助。

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