Swift指针

指针分类：

• raw pointer：未指定数据类型的指针（原生指针）
• typed pointer：指定数据类型的指针

表示方式：

raw pointer 在swift中的表示是UnsafeRawPointer

typed pointer在swift中的表示是UnsafePointer<T>，是一个泛型

Swift对照Objective-C，指针对应的关系：

Swift	Objective-C	说明
UnsafePointer<T>	const T *	指针和指向的内容都是不可变的
UnsafeMutablePointer<T>	T *	指针和指向的内容均是可变的
UnsafeRawPointer	const void *	指针指向未知的类型
UnsafeMutableRawPointer	void *	指针指向尾椎的类型（可以修改）

原生指针的使用（RawPointer）：

//指针内存需要手动管理

let p = UnsafeMutableRawPointer.allocate(byteCount: 32, alignment: 8)

for i in 0..<4 {
    //advanced:步长
    //storebytes：写入内存
    p.advanced(by: i * 8).storeBytes(of: i, as: Int.self)
}

for i in 0..<4 {
    let value = p.load(fromByteOffset: i * 8, as: Int.self)
    print("index\(i),value:\(value)")
}

p.deallocate()

打印结果：

index0,value:0
index1,value:1
index2,value:2
index3,value:3
Program ended with exit code: 0

内容补充：在看Swift源码中查看UnsafeMutableRawPointer的过程中会有builtin

//builtin（标准模块） -->在编译的过程中会匹配LLVM里面的类型和方法，在当前编译过程当中,减少编译时的内存负担

创建类型指针:

方式一：

var age = 10
let p = withUnsafePointer(to: &age) { $0 }

方式二：

let ptr = UnsafeMutablePointer<Int>.allocate(capacity: 1)

ptr.initialize(to: age)

ptr.deinitialize(count: 1)

ptr.deallocate()

知识补充：单一表达式
例子：

//ptr in return ptr ：单一表达式，可以直接使用ptr来表示，也可以直接使用$0来表示
//方式一：
{ ptr in return ptr }
方式二：
{ ptr }
方式三：
{ $0 }

创建泛型指针：

struct LGTeacher {
    var age = 10
    var height = 1.85
}

var t = LGTeacher()

let ptr = UnsafeMutablePointer<LGTeacher>.allocate(capacity: 2)

ptr.initialize(to: LGTeacher())

ptr.advanced(by: 1).initialize(to: LGTeacher(age: 20, height: 1.75))

print(ptr[0])

print(ptr[1])

print(ptr.pointee)

print((ptr + 1).pointee)

print(ptr.successor().pointee)

ptr.deinitialize(count: 2)

ptr.deallocate()

打印结果：

LGTeacher(age: 10, height: 1.85)
LGTeacher(age: 20, height: 1.75)
LGTeacher(age: 10, height: 1.85)
LGTeacher(age: 20, height: 1.75)
LGTeacher(age: 20, height: 1.75)
Program ended with exit code: 0

知识补充：successor()

print(ptr.successor().pointee) 与 print((ptr + 1).pointee) 结果是一致的，本质上successor()这个方法就是向前移动8字节

实战一：将将变量t绑定到结构图HeapObject内存中

思路：

1、获取实例变量的内存地址（指针）
2、RawPointer-->重新绑定到heapObject内存指针

代码实现：

struct HeapObject {
    var kind: UnsafeRawPointer
    var strongRef: UInt32
    var unownedRef: UInt32
}

class LGTeacher {
    var age = 18
}

var t = LGTeacher()

//1、获取实例变量的内存地址（指针）
let ptr = Unmanaged.passUnretained(t as AnyObject).toOpaque()

//2、RawPointer-->重新绑定到heapObject内存指针
let heapObject = ptr.bindMemory(to: HeapObject.self, capacity: 1)

print(heapObject.pointee)

输出结果：

HeapObject(kind: 0x0000000100008168, strongRef: 3, unownedRef: 0)
Program ended with exit code: 0

知识补充：

1、Unmanaged：所有权的转换
提供两个方法：
passRetained(引用计数+1，获取指针)
passUnretained（引用计数不+1，只获取指针）

2、bindMemory：指针重定向

实战二：将HeapObject中kind变量绑定到lg_swift_class

思路：

1、获取实例变量的内存地址（指针）
2、将指针重新绑定到lg_swift_class类内存指针

代码：

struct HeapObject {
    var kind: UnsafeRawPointer
    var strongRef: UInt32
    var unownedRef: UInt32
}

struct lg_swift_class {
    var kind: UnsafeRawPointer
    var superClass: UnsafeRawPointer
    var cacheData1: UnsafeRawPointer
    var cacheData2: UnsafeRawPointer
    var data: UnsafeRawPointer
    var falgs: UInt32
    var instanceAddressOffset: UInt32
    var instanceSize: UInt32
    var finstanceAlignMaskags: UInt16
    var reserved: UInt16
    var classSize: UInt32
    var classAddressOffset: UInt32
    var description: UnsafeRawPointer
}

class LGTeacher {
    var age = 18
}

var t = LGTeacher()

//1、获取实例变量的内存地址（指针）
let ptr = Unmanaged.passUnretained(t as AnyObject).toOpaque()

//2、RawPointer-->重新绑定到lg_swift_class内存指针
let heapObject = ptr.bindMemory(to: HeapObject.self, capacity: 1)

let metaPtr = heapObject.pointee.kind.bindMemory(to: lg_swift_class.self, capacity: 1)

print(metaPtr.pointee)

输出结果：

lg_swift_class(kind: 0x0000000100008140, superClass: 0x00007fff889888f8, cacheData1: 0x00007fff20206af0, cacheData2: 0x0000802000000000, data: 0x0000000100776562, falgs: 2, instanceAddressOffset: 0, instanceSize: 24, finstanceAlignMaskags: 7, reserved: 0, classSize: 136, classAddressOffset: 16, description: 0x0000000100003c3c)
Program ended with exit code: 0

说明：

lg_swift_class(kind: 0x0000000100008140, superClass: 0x00007fff889888f8, cacheData1: 0x00007fff20206af0, cacheData2: 0x0000802000000000, data: 0x0000000100776562, falgs: 2, instanceAddressOffset: 0, instanceSize: 24, finstanceAlignMaskags: 7, reserved: 0, classSize: 136, classAddressOffset: 16, description: 0x0000000100003c3c)
按照打印出来的结果来看，显示了具体内存地址的大小，与给定的数据类型相同

扩展：xx类指针怎么转换成元类指针，使用bindMemory，原理同上

实战三：assumingMemoryBound的使用：如果将元组tuple数据传递给testPointer方法

思路：

将tuple类型转换成UnsafePointer,然后使用assumingMemoryBound假定内存绑定，告诉编译器不要再次进行类型检查了

代码：

var tuple = (10, 20)

func testPointer(_ p: UnsafePointer<Int>) {
    print(p)
    print("end")
}

//assumingMemoryBound:假定内存绑定，告诉编译器tulPtr已经绑定过Int类型了，现在tulptr就是Int类型，不需要再次进行编译检查了
withUnsafePointer(to: &tuple) { (tulPtr: UnsafePointer<(Int, Int)>) in
    testPointer(UnsafeRawPointer(tulPtr).assumingMemoryBound(to: Int.self))
}

输出结果：

0x0000000100008058
(lldb) x/8g 0x0000000100008058
0x100008058: 0x000000000000000a 0x0000000000000014
0x100008068: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
0x100008078: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
0x100008088: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
(lldb) 

根据格式化输出内存地址显示，tuple已经打印出来了，0xa是10，0x14是20

实战四：assumingMemoryBound的使用：如何获取结构体类型的指针

思路：

通过原生指针+偏移量的方式

代码：

struct HeapObject {
    var strongRef = 10
    var unownedRef = 20
}

func testPointer(_ p: UnsafePointer<Int>) {
    print(p)
    print("end")
}

var t = HeapObject()

withUnsafePointer(to: &t) { (ptr: UnsafePointer<HeapObject>) in
    //通过原生指针+内存偏移来获取
    let strongRefPtr = UnsafeRawPointer(ptr) + MemoryLayout<HeapObject>.offset(of: \HeapObject.strongRef)!
    testPointer(strongRefPtr.assumingMemoryBound(to: Int.self))
}

打印结果：

0x0000000100008078
(lldb) x/8g 0x0000000100008078
0x100008078: 0x000000000000000a 0x0000000000000014
0x100008088: 0x0000000100760680 0x0000000000000000
0x100008098: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
0x1000080a8: 0x0000000000000000 0x0000000000000000
(lldb) 

根据格式或内存地址的结果说明：strongRef = 0xa =10，unownedRef = 0x14 = 20

总结：学习过程中一点积累，越来越好，加油