英语口语

L13 U6 Trade

2020-03-30  本文已影响0人  AsaGuo

Module 1 Understanding a writer's attitude

1. A cashless society


A Cashless Society

The idea of a cashless society, converting all economic transactions to an electronic format, has been around for years. The impressive rise of mobile payment platforms on smartphones and digital currencies has brought about significant changes. The idea of putting an end to cash altogether doesn't seem all that far-fetched.

So why is this idea gaining momentum? The short answer is that consumers are understandably attracted to the convenience of these kinds of payments. They don't have to carry around large amounts of cash, and they have an immediate electronic record of every transaction. Some argue this trend makes life easier – not having to carry around all those bank notes and coins. Just pay with your debit card or smartphone.

Governments around the world can be expected to continue to encourage the trend toward cashless transactions. They are looking for ways to raise more revenue. Cash transactions are difficult for governments to monitor and, hence, tax. A cashless society would make it much easier for governments to monitor all economic activity and tax it. Surprisingly, some countries have already gone so far as to ban cash transactions above a certain amount.

It must be said, however, that not everyone is happy with this trend. The instantaneous electronic record of every financial transaction has caused alarm among privacy advocates. For example, experts from the McDowell-Kinsey Institute for Civil Liberties have cited this trend as having unintended consequences. Indeed, the head of the institute, Dr. Jennifer Angstrom, has written, 'It is symptomatic of an ongoing general degradation of our freedoms and loss of privacy.' We have to ask ourselves what price we are paying for this convenience.


2. Identifying the meaning behind words

正面和负面的关联
有时理解词语潜在的含义是一个挑战。许多看似中立的单词可能会有负面或正面的含义,当它们与其他单词一起使用时。例如,动词cause似乎是中性的,但它几乎总是后跟一个否定名词或短语。

这是一些其他看似中性的但带有积极含义的语言。

下面的语言倾向与带有负面意义的单词和短语一起出现。

有些语言可以有各种关联。例如,动词bring about和动词cause的含义非常相似,但是,它可以与正面的,负面的或者中性的语言相关联。在下面的句子中,先是中性的,然后是正面的。

3. Identifying attitude


A Cashless Society
...


读取态度
有时,一个作者的态度不是一目了然。但是,如果作者引用或者参照带有偏见或者陈述观点的来源和人,那么很可能作者也是那个观点。

同样的,如果一个作者批评支持某个立场的来源和人,或者表示惊讶,这也同样提供有用的信息。

Module 2 Identifying opinions in a discussion

1. The economy

positive

negative

2. Referring to what people said

人们说了什么
这是一些指代某人说或写的事情的方法。

说话人常常会在所指内容的开始或者结束给出他们对所说内容的自己的观点。

3. Predicting what the speaker will say next

聪明的倾听
很多时候,一个好的倾听者会基于刚刚所说的知道接下来会有什么信息。例如,如果你第一次听到有人提到某事,你会期望说话人接下来会详尽阐述。

如果你听到参考一个不是众所周知的的事情,它后面可能会跟一个解释,阐述或例子。

话语标记
话语标记会经常会给出接下来会是什么信息的概念。例如,标记词to be honest 和 the truth is表明说话人接下来很可能要给出观点。

其他标记词会告诉你,接下来会有澄清,添加,总结或者对比。

Module 3 Debating free trade

1. Free trade and protectionism


The argument over protectionism versus free trade continues to rage. Some countries argue that the only way they can safeguard domestic industries and the livelihood of their citizens is to impose tariffs on imported goods and services. Some also argue that they don't want to rely on foreign countries for food. They say their people can't afford imported products, and it’s the job of government to keep staples like rice and wheat affordable for the poorest people. Free-trade countries, on the other hand, want to overturn these tariffs on imports and exports. They say tariffs prevent the free flow of goods and services and hurt world trade.


2. Speaking formally and informally

非正式和正式的标记词
标记词是帮助合理组织你想说的内容的词或短语。在说和写中,它们可以帮助别人更清楚地理解你。根据具体情况,使用非正式的或正式的标记词。

综合或者澄清
使用非正式的表达方式如what I mean is,或者更正式的表达方式如to clarify来综合或澄清你的看法。

对比或者提醒
使用非正式的表达方式如you have to remember,或者更正式的表达方式如it's also worth noting来进行对比或者提醒。

强调某个要点
使用非正式的表达方式如sure,或者更正式的表达方式如indeed 或者 as a matter of fact来强调某个要点。

介绍备选方案
使用非正式的表达方式如instead of,或者更正式的表达方式如rather than来介绍备选方案。

描述因果关系
使用非正式的表达方式如so,或者更正式的表达方式如therefore 和 thus来描述因果关系。

3. Adjusting the intensity of your speech

适当的强度
强度是指一个会话中的能量和情感的水平。这是一些表明强度的方法:

副词
像extremely, totally 和 absolutely的副词是用于增加强度。像relatively和probably的副词适用于减少强度。

情感性的表达
像it's hard to believe …,can you believe that … 和 they have got to …的情感性的表达方式是另一种增加强度的方法。

重音,音量和速度
使用明显的句重音,提高你的音量和减慢你的演讲都可以增加强度。

Module 4 Writing to inform

1. The Eurozone


The Eurozone

The Eurozone profoundly changed the face of Europe. To be more specific, if you had visited Europe in the 1990s, you would have encountered a different currency in every country. This all changed in January 2002, when 15 European countries made a regional agreement to form the Eurozone. These 15 member states basically gave up their individual currencies and adopted the euro as their common currency.

But why would countries like Germany and France willingly give up their currencies? What's important to remember is that these same 15 member states had already made an important trade agreement known as the Single Market. The Single Market eliminated customs duties among members and guaranteed the freedom of movement of goods, capital, people and services within the European Union. In other words, Europe became more like one country.

After forming a single market, using a single currency – the euro – seemed the next logical step. What this meant was that business among these countries became much easier. An added plus was that it facilitated trade with the outside world and travel within Europe. Moreover, a unified economic policy became more possible. One central bank could organize currency issues more efficiently than a large number of national banks that sometimes did not cooperate with one another.

Today there are 20 countries in the Eurozone, out of the almost 30 countries in the European Union. Their common currency allows them to compete much more aggressively with large economies in countries like the United States, China, India and Russia. To put it another way, the euro has made Europe a powerful player in the global economy.


贸易协定
让我们学习一些来自有关贸易协定阅读中的词汇。你的写作作业会需要这些词汇。

2. Writing to inform

信息化写作
良好的信息写作使用中性语调并以简洁,介绍性段落明确地指出主题而开始。文章中应该有关键点的预览使读者知道文章会说些什么。

从这个介绍性的段落,读者可以期待会听到更多的关于什么是北美自由贸易协定以及它如何影响到三个成员国的。每个后续段应包括更多具体的信息,像解释,范例和比较。
结束段应该是一个合乎逻辑的结论或者重申前面提出的观点的总结。
把你所学的记在心里,然后再次阅读关于欧元区的文本。

3. Giving explanations

说明的表达方式
好的信息化写作通过转述和阐述提供明确的说明。

转述和简化
使用这样的表达方式来转述或简化你的说明:

阐述
使用像这样的表达方式来阐述一个观点:

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