这篇文章首先介绍了两种不同的学术论文，Argument essay和实验类的学术论文。然后讨论了如何保持合适的学术tone。最后辨析了cite，quotation和paraphrasing这三个初学者疑惑的词汇的区别，并更近一步说明了如何进行paraphrasing。
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1. argument essay

Argument essay/thesis是学术论文的一种，需要作者在一个有争议的问题上表明立场并且给出相应的理由。

example_for_argument_essay

argument essay的主体部分包括3个：introduction，body，conclusion。（以下讨论short essay）

1. introduction：主题是什么，介绍背景，总结这篇argument essay内容，即需要central argument in a clear thesis statement。
2. body：写三个主体段。
   （主体段1: topic sentence+支持句n个）+
   过渡句+（主体段2: topic sentence+支持句n个）+
   过渡句+（主体段3: topic sentence+支持句n个）
3. conclusion：总结+重申主题（optional）

写作时的建议：
Thesis包含论点以及提示如何展示论点。
在一个有争议的问题上表明立场并且给出相应的理由。
步骤如下：
（1）关注一个有争议的问题，提出问题。
（2）表明立场。使用一句话总结。
（3）写出可能的观点并思考如何组织观点。
（4）可以使用一些formula帮助组织，最终写出来。

ps. formula包含论点以及提示如何展示论，例如：
1. 虽然很多人说……但是最近的研究表明……
Although most readers of ______ have argued that ______, closer examination shows that ______
2. ……使用……和……证明了……
______ uses ______ and ______ to prove that ______.
3. 现象……是……和……综合造成的结果。
Phenomenon X is a result of the combination of ______, ______, and ______.

1.https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/225487820
2.https://clas.uiowa.edu/history/teaching-and-writing-center/guides/argumentation
3.https://clas.uiowa.edu/history/teaching-and-writing-center/guides/organization

2. 实验类文章

包括以下几个部分：
title，Introduction，methods， results，tables and figures，discussion，references，formatting

academic tone

在写各部分时候需要注意保持合适的学术tone。为了保证合适的学术tone，第一是通用词汇，可以查询Academic Word List学习，第二是专业词汇。注意两种都需要平时积累。

专业词汇库：https://github.com/jiqizhixin/Artificial-Intelligence-Terminology-Database

以下积累多来自此处，是我的粗糙复制，后续会整理更新。

• 表明观点：We confirm that/We believe that/Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that/We put forward(discover, observe)……“for the first time”/我们暂时提出（interrprete this to…)
• 动词：found/argues/states/used..to.../performed/apply/Low et al. (2011), using ..., found that/suggests/reports/analysed/investigate/indicates/speculates猜测/Results presented in Ho ̈nig et al. (2014) show.../introduced a new...
  行为用过去式，说话用一般现在时
• 连接词：However, also, in addition, consequently, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore, further, although, unlike, in contrast, Similarly, Unfortunately, alternatively, parallel results, In order to, despite, For example,compared with, other results, thus, therefore
• 叙述有时间顺序的事件或文献: 最早的文献可用AA advocated it for the first time.接下来可用Then BB further demonstrated that. 再接下来，可用Afterwards, CC……如果还有，可用More recent studies by DD……
• 两种相反观点：AA put forward that……In contrast, BB believe or Unlike AA, BB suggest or On the contrary (表明前面观点错误)，如果只表明两种观点对立，用in contrast BB……
• 两种观点相近：可用AA suggest……Similarily, alternatively, BB……Or Also, BB or BB allso does……表示因果或者前后关系可用Consequently, therefore, as a result……表明递进关系可用furthermore, further, moreover, in addition……
• 总体结构：Therefore, there are three aspects of this problem have to be addressed. The first question involves……The second problem relates to……The third aspect deals with……
• 关于文章的不足：
  所谓不足，包括以下内容：
  (1)研究的问题有点片面，讨论时一定要说，It should be noted that this study has examined only……We concentrate (focus) on only……We have to point out that we do not……Some limitations of this study are……
  (2)但指出这些不足之后，一定要马上再次加强本文的重要性以及可能采取的手段来解决这些不足，为别人或者自己的下一步研究打下伏笔。Not withstanding its limitation, this study does suggest……However, these problems could be solved if we consider……Despite its preliminary character, this study can clearly indicate……
  (3)否认别人的观点不要太强硬。Their studies may be more reasonable if they had……considered this situation.Their results could be better convinced if they……Or Their conclusion may remain some uncertanties.

3. cite，quotation和paraphrasing？

cite quotes and other ideas that you paraphrased from other authors

Cite是指引用。有两种方式，

一种是直接引用，direct quote。也就是直接复制原作者的话，用引号标识。引用长句子时，希望省略中间过长的内容时，可以使用省略号。例如：

1.Rogers and Smith (2016) stated, "The best way to a woman's heart is through her stomach" (p. 201).
2.As historian Elizabeth Tonkin argues, “There are those who can read but not write, or are able to recognise road signs but not to read shop names."Rather than think of literacy in clear cut terms of a person's ability to read and write, we should recognize different degrees of ability, she suggests. After all, she asserts, "[t]he line is not so easy to draw between 'able to read' and 'able to understand'."

第二种是转述，paraphrase（改变语序）或者summarize（总结）。也就是把别人的观点用自己的话说出来。
例如：

1.The Alliance Francaise French Film Festival (AFFFF) is one of the largest national film festivals in Australia and is the largest foreign film festival in Australia, as well as being the premier French cultural event of the year (Milloux, 2011).
2.Depression often places an individual at higher risk of engaging in suicidal behaviours (Hawton et al., 2013; Le ́pine and Briley, 2011).
Hawton, K., Casan ̃as I Comabella, C., Haw, C., Saunders, K., 2013. Risk factors for suicide in individuals with depression: a systematic review. J. Affect. Disord. 147, 17–28.
Le ́pine, J.-P., Briley, M., 2011. The increasing burden of depression. Neuropsych. Dis. Treat. 7, 3–7.
3.Olesen et al. (2012) estimated that in 2010 the cost per patient of depression in Europe was €24,000...
4.The foundation for feature extraction methodologies are not covered in this section; for this the reader is referred to either Kinnunen and Li (2009) or Quatieri (2001).

两种方式都需要cite（可以类似于指针，是一个动词），标明引用的出处（类似于指针指向作者，年份等相关信息）。

如何paraphrasing？

注意：确保仔细阅读并理解原意再进行paraphrasing。确保知识已经吸收再从记忆中提取进行改写，而不是一味地做语法游戏。

paraphrasing包括同义词和语法的改变。
一方面需要同义词转换，需要注意哪些可以改变哪些不可以改变。可以改变的同义词可以使用word右键的synonyms来更换。确保改变时不影响在原文当中的意思。
另一方面需要语法结构的改变。

可以用作转换后的检测的工具是：https://handymandanonline.com/Paraphrasing-tool.html

1.视频：https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV11E411b7FF/?spm_id_from=333.788.videocard.13
2.英文单词「Quote」和「Cite」有什么区别？ - 知乎 https://www.zhihu.com/question/19551274