英国罗斯柴尔德拍卖行告诉你不一样的青花瓷器发展历史
青花瓷是中国历史上对外贸易的一个大项，这个独具中国特色的产品当年行销世界。青花瓷最早在唐朝就出现了，从现存的唐代青花瓷及考古发现的残片看，唐代青花瓷质量不是很高。宋代青花瓷没有大的发展，依然在摸索阶段。到了元代出现了一些著名的青花瓷传世，质量已有很大提高。明朝是青花瓷迅速发展的高峰时期，中间虽有衰落，但到了清朝康熙时，青花瓷达到顶峰，而后清朝中后期，青花瓷彻底走向衰落。
Blue and white porcelain is a major item of foreign trade in Chinese history. This product with Chinese characteristics was sold in the world in that year. Blue and white porcelain first appeared in the Tang Dynasty, from the existing Tang Dynasty blue and white porcelain and archaeological findings of the fragments, the quality of the Tang Dynasty blue and white porcelain is not very high.
The blue and white porcelain of Song Dynasty did not develop greatly. In the Yuan Dynasty, some famous blue and white porcelain had been handed down, and the quality has been greatly improved. The Ming Dynasty was the peak period of the rapid development of blue and white porcelain, which declined in the middle, but reached its peak in the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, and then declined completely in the middle and late Qing Dynasty.
元青花鬼谷子下山口径：17cm 高：33cm
青花瓷虽然具有非常明显的中国特色，但是，它的一个重要组成部分却来自海外。元代青花瓷之所以能在前代基础上突飞猛进，一个重要原因是，使用了来自海外的色料，明朝中前期也同样。专家称这种色料为“苏麻离青”、“苏渤泥青”等。它是锰含量较低，铁含量较高的钴料，故而能烧制出漂亮的青色花纹图案。有学者从“苏麻离青”从发音上说，这种色料来自索马里，也有说来自苏门答腊。但是，一般认为，“苏麻离青”来自波斯(今伊朗)和叙利亚一带。
Blue and white porcelain has very obvious Chinese characteristics, but an important part of it comes from overseas. One of the important reasons why blue and white porcelain of Yuan Dynasty made great progress on the basis of previous dynasties is that it used colors from abroad, and the same was true in the middle and early Ming Dynasty.
Experts call this pigment "Su Ma Qing Qing" and "Su Bo mud Qing" and so on. It is a cobalt material with low manganese content and high iron content, so it can be fired to produce a beautiful blue pattern. Some scholars from the "Suma Li Qing" pronunciation said that this color from Somalia, but also said that from Sumatra. However, it is generally believed that "Su Ma Qing Qing" comes from Persia (today's Iran) and Syria area.
元青花鬼谷子下山口径：17cm 高：33cm
元代随着国内外贸易的发展需要，中国瓷业较宋代又有更大的进步，景德镇湖田窑成功的烧制出青花瓷器。青花瓷器的普遍出现和趋于成熟，产销兴旺，元人蒋祁著《陶计略》（记元代景德镇瓷业情况的唯一书籍）中记述：“窑火既歇，商争取售，而上者择焉，谓之捡窑。交易之际，牙侩主之……，运器入河，肩夫执券，次第件具，以凭商筹，谓之非子。”
With the development of trade at home and abroad in Yuan Dynasty, China's porcelain industry has made greater progress than that of Song Dynasty. Jingdezhen Hutian kiln successfully fired blue and white porcelain. Blue and white porcelain generally appeared and tended to mature, production and marketing flourished, Yuan Dynasty Jiang Qi's "Tao Jilue" (the only book about the Jingdezhen porcelain industry in the Yuan Dynasty) described: "Kiln fire stopped, business for sale, and the choice of the above, so-called kiln picking. At the time of the transaction, the owners of... When the carrier enters the river, the shoulder holder carries the voucher, and the second part is based on the business plan.
元青花鬼谷子下山口径：17cm 高：33cm
元青花瓷器开辟了由素瓷向彩瓷过渡的新时代，其富丽雄浑、画风豪放，绘画层次繁多，与中华民族传统的审美情趣大相径庭，实在是中国陶瓷史上的一朵奇葩，同时也使景德镇一跃成为中世纪世界制瓷业的中心。
到了明代，明永乐的青花瓷工艺水平非常高，这与郑和下西洋有关。海上贸易的畅通，使得来自阿拉伯地区的“苏麻离青”(简称“苏青”)能够很方便地运到中国。宣德以后，明朝朝廷多次下令“禁造官样瓷器”，其原因很多，但青花瓷依然在少量生产。由于朝廷的这一命令，“苏青”的进口几乎停止了，烧制青花瓷的色料，主要是靠以前的库存。
The blue and white porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty opened up a new era of transition from plain porcelain to colored porcelain. Its magnificence, bold painting style, various levels of painting, and the traditional aesthetic taste of the Chinese nation are very different. It is a wonderful flower in the history of Chinese ceramics, but also makes Jingdezhen a center of the world porcelain industry in the Middle Ages.
In the Ming Dynasty, Ming and Yongle's blue and white porcelain craft was very high, which was related to Zheng He's voyage to the West. The smooth flow of maritime trade has enabled the "Su Ma Li Qing" (Su Qing for short) from the Arab region to be easily transported to China. After Xuande, the Ming Dynasty government ordered many times to prohibit the manufacture of official porcelain, for many reasons, but blue and white porcelain is still produced in a small amount. As a result of the imperial order, "Su Qing" imports almost stopped, firing blue and white porcelain pigment, mainly on the previous inventory.
青花龙纹盖罐口径：9.1cm 底径：10.4cm 高：16.8cm
15世纪中后期，明朝青花瓷的生产又出现了上升，但此时，史书记载，库存的“苏青”已经用完。从青花瓷的色料上看，15、16世纪交界时期，进口的色料不多，主要用国产青料。实际上，国产青料很早就用使用，只不过因为含量与进口的“苏青”不同，烧制的结果不如进口“苏青”，因而，在进口能够保证时，国内窑口一般不愿使用国产青料，尤其是进口“苏青”也不很贵的时候，更是如此。
In the middle and late 15th century, the production of blue and white porcelain in the Ming Dynasty rose again, but at this time, the historical records recorded that the inventory of "Su Qing" has been used up. From the blue and white porcelain color, at the junction of the 15th and 16th centuries, the imported color is not much, mainly domestic blue. In fact, domestic green materials were used very early,
but because the content was different from that of imported "Su Qing", the result of firing was not as good as that of imported "Su Qing". Therefore, when the import could be guaranteed, domestic kiln entrances were generally reluctant to use domestic green materials, especially when the import "Su Qing" was not very expensive.
青花龙纹盖罐口径：9.1cm 底径：10.4cm 高：16.8cm
16世纪的大部分时间里，从嘉靖朝，一直到万历朝，青花瓷的技艺有所进步。但是，此时用于烧制青花瓷的色料已不是大名鼎鼎的“苏青”，而是一种叫做“回青”的色料。所谓“回青”，也就是“回回青”，与“苏青”一样来自阿拉伯。有专家考证，“苏青”与“回青”其实是同一种钴料的不同称呼，之所以不同是因为，“苏青”来自海上贸易，但“回青”来自与西域和中亚的陆路贸易。
During most of the 16th century, from the Jiajing Dynasty to the Wanli Dynasty, the art of blue and white porcelain improved. However, the pigment used for firing blue and white porcelain at this time is no longer the famous "Su Qing", but a kind of pigment called "Hui Qing". The so-called "Hui Qing", that is, "Hui Hui Qing", and "Su Qing" as from Arabia. Experts have verified that "Su Qing" and "Hui Qing" are actually different names for the same cobalt material. The reason is that "Su Qing" comes from maritime trade, but "Hui Qing" comes from land trade with the Western Regions and Central Asia.
青花釉里红大罐 高：27cm 口径：18cm
16世纪的大多数时间里，由于野蛮的葡萄牙人占据并垄断了海上丝绸之路，明朝不得不回避海上贸易，改用从陆路进口“回青”。但是，陆路进口“回青”的成本很高，因而我们在这一时期的明代史料中发现，明朝官府对于“回青”的使用严格控制，甚至还制定了防盗措施。到了万历朝后期，连从陆路进口“回青”都很难，青花瓷在明朝终于走向衰落。
For most of the 16th century, because the barbaric Portuguese occupied and monopolized the maritime Silk Road, the Ming Dynasty had to avoid maritime trade and import "Huiqing" from land. However, the cost of importing "Huiqing" by land was very high, so we found in the historical materials of the Ming Dynasty that the Ming government strictly controlled the use of "Huiqing" and even formulated anti-theft measures. In the late Wanli Dynasty, it was difficult to import "Huiqing" from land. Blue and white porcelain finally declined in the Ming Dynasty.
青花人物盘 口径：25cm 底径：13.1cm
欧洲人占据海上丝绸之路为非作歹，对于明朝的影响之一是，财政收入下降，于是才有了万历时期张居正的改革中兴。但是，仅仅针对国内的改革，并不能改变日益恶劣的外部环境。由于财力的下降，改从陆路进口“回青”，最终也因成本日益高涨而难以维系。由此我们就能看出元明青花瓷在中国瓷器史上的地位，和它的稀有程度。
One of the effects of the European occupation of the Maritime Silk Road on the Ming Dynasty was the decline in fiscal revenues, which led to the revival of Zhang Juzheng's reform in the Wanli period. However, domestic reform alone can not change the worsening external environment. As a result of the decline in financial resources, to import from land "Huiqing", and ultimately because of rising costs and difficult to maintain. From this we can see the status and rarity of blue and white porcelain in the history of Chinese porcelain.
青花人物盘 口径：25cm 底径：13.1cm
小编从英国罗斯柴尔德拍卖行驻大陆办事处亿缘文化了解到，我们今天看到的这些珍贵的青花瓷有些将在英国罗斯柴尔德拍卖行ukrothschild进行拍卖，这正是我们零距离接触这些青花瓷的好时机。
From Rothschild's mainland office in the United Kingdom, the editor learns that some of the rare blue and white porcelain we see today will be auctioned at UK's Rothschild auctioneer ukrothschild, which is a good time for us to touch the blue and white porcelain from zero distance.
