Day116|苏格拉底:早期哲学家多属自然哲学家
上句见:Day115
The Story of Philosophy的第116句:第1章Plato第2节II. Socrates第5段第1句:
There had been philosophers before him, of course: strong men like Thales and Heraclitus, subtle men like Parmenides and Zeno of Elea, seers like Pythagoras and Empedocles; but for the most part they had been physical philosophers; they had sought for the physics or nature of external things, the laws and constituents of the material and measurable world. That is very good, said Socrates; but there is an infinitely worthier subject for philosophers than all these trees and stones, and even all those stars; there is the mind of man. What is man, and what can he become?
浙江大学译本:当然,在苏格拉底之前也有过哲学家:有像泰勒斯①和赫拉克利特②那样坚强的人,有像巴门尼德③和埃利亚的芝诺④那样敏锐的人,有像毕达哥拉斯和恩培多克勒 ⑤那样善于观察的人,但他们绝大多数是自然哲学家:他们探求外部事物的发展和性质,寻找物质可测的规律和构成。
解析
这句简要讲述了苏格拉底之前的哲学家。
1、There had been philosophers before him, of course:
苏格拉底之前的哲学家:哲学是有怀疑就开始了,所以在苏格拉底之前就有很多哲学家。这句表明很公正,也呼应前面哲学最初是向外的而苏格拉底的哲学开始向内求。
2、strong men like Thales and Heraclitus
强者:如泰勒斯和赫拉克利特。这两位都指出世界的本源或基石。
Thales(泰勒斯):经常被认为是早期哲学家之一,认为水是存在的基础。
Heraclitus(赫拉克利特):认为变化是常态以及火是万物的本原。他有句名言:One man can not enter into the same river twice.
3、subtle men like Parmenides and Zeno of Elea,
诡辩者:如巴门尼德和芝诺。两者都倾向世界是不变的。一个用正面证明,一个用反面证明。
Parmenides(巴门尼德):因其哲学诗而出名,认为现实是不变的而变化只是幻象。他是理念主义的起点。形式在变,本质不变。
Zeno of Elea(芝诺):是Parmenides的学生及朋友,支持Parmenides不变的观点,不过与其不同,是用反面来证明,以“芝诺悖论”著称。这个“悖论”是一系列关于运动的不可分性。如“阿基里斯跑不过乌龟”以及“飞矢不动”。
4、seers like Pythagoras and Empedocles;
预言者:毕达哥拉斯和恩培多克勒。
Pythagoras(毕达哥拉斯):认为数学是世界的中心,是哲学家更是数学家,发现了很多如勾股定理的数学公式。
Empedocles(恩培多克勒):主张宇宙是由土、水、气及火这四要素组成,因爱与恨的力量而以流体的状态存在。
seer:someone who predicts things that will happen in the future. 预言者,先知
Once caricatured as short-sighted, he is now remembered as a seer.伯克曾经被丑化一个鼠目寸光的 人,而如今他被铭记为一个预言家。
5、 but for the most part they had been physical philosophers;
总:但他们绝大多数是自然哲学家。对苏格拉底之前的哲学家进行归类到自然哲学家。
for the most part:almost all or almost completely
For the most part, we had it rather easy. 我们多数情况下活得比较轻松。
6、they had sought for the physics or nature of external things, the laws and constituents of the material and measurable world.
特点:他们都在追寻外部事物的物理特性和本质,即物质和可测量世界的法则及构成要素。
当然,在苏格拉底之前有过哲学家:有像泰勒斯和赫拉克利特那样强者,有像巴门尼德和埃利亚的芝诺那样的诡辩者,有像毕达哥拉斯和恩培多克勒那样预言者。但他们绝大多数是自然哲学家,都在追寻外部事物的物理特性和本质,即物质和可测量世界的法则及构成要素。