食疗预防肾结石

A kidney stone is a formation of minerals that may be caused by a range of factors. 原文配图 ©

原文|Jenna Fletcher

乱译|中外物語

配图|原文或网站

今日主角|肾结石 kidney stone

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The kidney stone diet: Five foods to prevent them

顽固肾结石，预防靠饮食

Passing a kidney stone is often described as one of the most painful things a person will ever experience. As many as 1 in 10 people will develop kidney stones in their lifetime. Kidney stones are small, hard deposits that form in the kidneys when there is a decrease in urine or an increase in certain substances, such as minerals and salts. Fortunately, dietary changes as laid out in the kidney stone diet can help prevent kidney stones from forming or recurring.

世间疼痛有多种，生孩子当属第一（虽是道听途说，但哥也能想来，一个肉球拼命从身体里“挤”出来，谁不疼那就是王八蛋；反正哥们儿这辈子没机会体验啦，弄不好下辈子有可能遭这罪），排结石大概排第二（这个哥们儿经历过，那他妈真叫一个揪心疼，疼得连骂人的力气都不够用），其他各种疼痛排不排名不重要，重要的是但凡疼起来、哪怕一个指关节，反正没有哪种疼痛是令人幸福愉快爽歪歪的。三人行，必有我师；十人行，必出一个肾结石。

肾结石虽小，长了结石真特么烦恼。肾脏本身不大，里面装不下“补天石”，但“结”到一定时候，撒尿不畅，引发心慌不说，指望换来水果机的肾脏严重不健康啦！摄入过多矿物质或盐的话，结石不但一时难以排出，反倒有可能变大。但各位也别紧张，俗话说“病从口入，祸从口出”，人吃五谷杂粮，难免百病缠身，管住嘴、迈开腿，多少能起到一些预防作用。这篇文章就为大家预防肾结石开了一个饮食“小方”，患过肾结石、已有肾结石和怀疑会长肾结石的朋友，不妨看看；排出不意味着万事大吉，隐约作痛预防正当时，持怀疑态度幸灾乐祸者也别高兴太早，那玩意儿什么时候找上门来，完全不按套路出牌。

Fast facts on the kidney stone diet:

· By including certain foods in a diet, kidney stones may be prevented or delayed.

· No one set type of diet will prevent all kidney stones since different dietary factors can cause different types of kidney stones.

· Kidney stones are classified according to the type of material that casues them.

· By limiting certain foods in the diet, a person may be able to prevent kidney stones developing.

既然“病从口入”，那就从饮食预防开始，到底有什么服人之处，且看如下事实：

· 饮食中增加某些特定食物，可避免或延后长肾结石；

· 肾结石成因不一，各种食物可能导致不同结石，别指望一个“食疗小方”预防所有结石；

· 肾结石类型取决于致病物质种类；

· 饮食中限制摄入某些特定食物，可有效预防肾结石。

What is a kidney stone?

肾结石是个什么鬼？

When urine decreases and certain minerals in the kidneys are abundant, the minerals stick together and form stones.

尿量减少、肾脏中某些矿物质积攒到一定程度，这些矿物质就会很猥琐地“团结”起来，形成结石。

There are several types of common stones. Common kinds of kidney stones include the following:

· calcium oxalate stones

· calcium phosphate stone

· struvite stones

· uric acid stones

· cystine stones

常见结石类型有：

· 草酸钙结石

· 磷酸钙结石

· 鸟粪石结石

· 尿酸结石

· 胱氨酸结石

A range of factors can cause kidney stones, including the following dietary factors:

· high oxalate intake from certain foods

· a high protein diet

· too much sodium

· dehydration or low fluid intake

结石成因主要跟偏爱某些饮食有关：

· 食用某些草酸盐过量的食物

· 高蛋白饮食

· 钠元素过量

· 失水过多或喝水太少

High oxalate foods, such as nuts, seeds, beets, spinach, and buckwheat flour can contribute to calcium oxalate stones, although this does not mean that people need to exclude them from their diet completely. A high protein diet can contribute to the formation of calcium phosphate stones. A high sodium intake and dehydration can be factors in uric acid and cystine stones.

草酸盐过量的食物，常见的诸如坚果类、种子类、甜菜类、菠菜和荞麦粉，等等，都是草酸钙结石成因，但这也不是说日常生活中完全不能食用这些东西，既要考虑定量食用，某些食材还要结合神奇的烹饪手段，才能减低草酸盐的含量——相信大家都知道，菠菜要汆水后食用。高蛋白饮食诱发形成磷酸钙结石，而摄入过量钠元素或喝水不足则导致尿酸结石和胱氨酸结石的形成。

Foods rich in calcium, such as milk-based products, are recommended to help reduce kidney stones. 原文配图 ©

What is the kidney stone diet?

何谓肾结石“食疗”？

To avoid a recurrence of kidney stones, or to prevent them developing in the first place, people should drink plenty of water, limit salt and animal protein, limit foods high in oxalates, and be cautious about taking too much calcium in supplements. While there is no one diet for all types of kidney stones, many dietitians and nephrologists (kidney doctors) recommend the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet for people with kidney stones. This diet has been shown to reduce the risk of kidney stone formation as well lower blood pressure and decrease risk for heart disease, stroke, and cancer. The DASH diet encourages the consumption of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and low-fat dairy. It limits the intake of sodium, sugar, and red meat.

以防再长肾结石，或预防肾结石形成，大量喝水就显得非常必要。同时，限制食盐和动物蛋白的摄入量，限制食用草酸盐过量的食用，补钙也要有个分寸、控制好钙元素摄入量。扁鹊悬壶济世，华佗妙手回春，孙思邈药到病除，却都开不出预防所有类型的肾结石“标准统一”的食疗方子，但砖家说预防高血压的食疗方（DASH）兴许最接近预防肾结石——这一食疗法经过实验证实，对预防肾结石、降低血压、降低心脏病发病率、防止中风和癌症都有明显效果。DASH食疗法提倡素食主义，多食果蔬、全麦、谷类和低脂肪食品，同时限制摄入钠元素、糖分和食用红肉。

Foods that may prevent kidney stones

或有效预防肾结石的食物

Because kidney stones vary according to what they are made of, the foods to include in a diet will vary. A person should talk to their doctor about which foods cause stones to help them determine what they should and should not eat to help avoid the formation of stones in the future.

肾结石成因不一，因此所谓的预防食物也不能固定，总归还是因人而异，在这方面有疑问的朋友可去咨询医生，然后遵照医嘱行事。

The following are some suggestions on what to include in a diet to avoid the formation of stones.

下面是几种有效预防肾结石的推荐食物，只起到建议作用，不可因此而以偏概全。

Calcium and oxalate-rich foods

钙和富含草酸盐的食物

A person should include foods rich in calcium, particularly if consuming foods that are higher in oxalate such as spinach. The calcium and oxalate bind together in the intestines, reducing the formation of stones. Some foods to include are:

· milk-based products

· calcium fortified foods, such as cereal, bread, and juices

· beets on a spinach salad with low-fat cheese

· yogurt with berries

假如食用了诸如菠菜一类富含草酸盐的食物，就应该同时食用富含钙元素的某些食物；钙元素和草酸盐在肠道内发生结合反应，可有效预防形成结石。这里所谓的“某些食物”主要是指：

· 乳制品

· 钙强化食品，比如谷物类、面包和蔬果汁

· 菠菜甜菜沙拉配以低脂肪奶酪

· 浆果酸奶

Fruits and vegetables

果蔬

Fruits and vegetables are a necessary part of any diet. Increasing the amount of vegetables in their diet can help a person prevent stone formation. Fruits can be dried, frozen, or fresh. Fruits rich in citric acid have also been shown to have a positive effect in preventing kidneys stones. Get to know the particular fruits and veggies that have high oxalate content and try to limit them, or be sure to eat them in combination with calcium-rich foods.

果蔬是日常饮食中不可或缺的一部分。不管是干、脯，冷藏，还是新鲜的水果，其中富含柠檬酸，事实证明对预防肾结石有积极作用。至于跟蔬菜怎么搭配着吃，只要稍微留心就不会出差错，富含草酸盐的果蔬当然要限量食用，或跟富含钙元素的食物搭配食用。实在不行可向专业人士咨询一下。

Water

水

Including extra water in the diet can help prevent the formation of both uric acid and cystine stones. Including other liquids in addition to water is acceptable; however, it is important to check sodium levels in the beverage.

许多人渴了就喝，但这并不意味着“会”喝水。这里的“水”可以是多样的，比如煲个汤啊，来点什么汁儿之类的，但中医上说最好的还是白开水。饮料大概是最次等的“水”，其中钠元素是否过量，一般压根儿就不知道。所以，“好那一口”，还需慎重。

Plant-based protein

植物蛋白

Small amounts of animal-based proteins are fine. However, too much animal protein can increase the risk of developing kidney stones. Plant-based protein sources, however, are encouraged. Examples include beans, peas, and lentils. People should discuss their individual protein needs with a doctor or a dietitian, as needs will vary from person to person.

摄入少量动物蛋白无关紧要，但过量则增加形成肾结石的风险。植物蛋白就没那么多“事儿”，这是现在普遍提倡的食疗建议。各种豆类就富含植物蛋白，但这也因人而异，实在不行可向医生或膳食学家咨询一下，然后再开始饕餮。

A dietician or doctor will provide diet details that may include limiting pork and beef, amongst other food sources. 原文配图 ©

Foods to limit with kidney stones

预防肾结石，不能光想着预防，还要考虑限制食用某些食物

What food to limit depends on what type of stone is developing in a person's body. Foods to limit, include:

· sodium

· animal proteins, including eggs, fish, pork, beef, and milk products

Every person is different, and individual needs and dietary requirements will vary. A dietitian or doctor can provide more specific diet details based on individual needs.

因个人体质不同，因此也不能一概而论。但总体来说，需要限制摄入或食用（一）钠元素；（二）动物蛋白，包括禽蛋类、鱼类、大肉、牛肉和奶制品。

Why do some foods prevent kidney stones?

为啥有些食物能起到预防肾结石的作用？

Some foods contain certain chemicals or compouds that can influence the production of kidney stones, particularly if eaten in high amounts. By limiting intake of these foods, the likelihood of kidney stones forming or worsening is reduced.

凡事都有两面性。某些食物含有特定化学物质或化合物，影响肾结石的产生，特别是在食用过量的情况下；同样，限制某些食物的摄入量，则能有效降低肾结石形成或加重的概率。

Can kidney stones be treated through diet alone?

预防或治疗肾结石，能把希望都寄托在“食疗”这一种方子上么？

In some cases, dietary changes may be enough to prevent kidney stones from occurring. In other cases, additional treatment including medication to break the stones up or surgery to remove the stones may be needed.

某种程度来说，食疗或足够预防肾结石产生，但也保不齐有特殊情况，那就需要借助于医疗手段，比如说做个结石手术或用其他办法排掉结石。

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结语：不想看英文的朋友，可扫一眼我嘚瑟的这几段话。文章已然很长，每回都要啰嗦几句，作为话痨，深感抱歉。但是，最近因为乱译几篇有关健康的长文，让我对西医有了皮毛层面的了解，发现西医在理论上越来越接近中医；还是咱的前辈智慧，中西结合疗效好——这句广告词，我今天才算琢磨透。网上流行一句话：今天不养生，明天养医生。也不知道谁说的，看着像一句传销台词，但真特么有道理。

如今，我们生活的环境、饮食和其他方方面面都发生了彻底的变化，好好一个人，说完蛋就完蛋，而且可能连病因都查不出来。吃货们也是随心所欲地吃喝，号称“吃饱了再减肥或再想辙减肥”，这是对自己的健康太不负责任。五谷杂粮从口入，百种毛病身上出。这跟年龄没有关系，谁摊上谁倒霉；有些人总觉得自己还年轻，管不住嘴不说，还越来越懒得动，比如说我就这样，那结果可想而知——张爱玲老阿姨早就说过：“你年轻么？别急，很快就老了。”对个五岁就有抬头纹的“小老头”来说，我不大记得自己什么时候年轻过，但现在深知已显老态龙钟样貌。所以别把年轻当作资本，正如你觉得你很有钱，这世上总有人比你更有钱一样，你觉得你鲜嫩欲滴，可转眼就变成老菜帮子——年轻不养生，这也是健康大忌。不知道这篇文章有没有用，但感觉是个好材料，不妨舶来大家一娱，说不定有心人能从中受到启发呢！

就拿结石来说，我曾经在天麻麻亮突然感觉腰间犹如乱箭穿过，又好似无数无形力量拽拖，一双腰子快要脱离身体而游弋于外，疼得我连骂狗日的老天爷的力气都没啦！哎哟妈呀，现在说起来，总觉得腰间隐隐作痛，因此不想多说。多亏俺们家余大侠，一路驾车近一百二十码速度狂飙到医院；因为天刚亮，路上没交警也没行人，车跑起来像无人驾驶似的，若在没有病痛而较为清醒的时候，我肯定吓得要死。毫不夸张地说，若屋里没人的话，定会疼死于炕头，死样儿还他妈非常难看。到了医院，医生磨磨蹭蹭先问了几个不痛不痒的问题，然后就有一个护士磨磨蹭蹭过来，二话不说要我脱裤子露出肥屁股，只觉得冰凉一下，一根针头扎入肉中，我“哎哟”一声，护士“啧啧”一下，拔出针头，又冰凉一下，整个过程就像“哎哟”和“啧啧”的对话；她让我多喝水试试看，说不定待会儿就排出去了。医院等了半天，喝了近十瓶矿泉水，居然一点尿意都没有——我怀疑是天要亡我，非结石之罪也。等到下午，突然又不疼了，从市里回到镇上，复查一次，毛玩意儿也没查出来。于是怀着忐忑不安的心情回到家中，突然尿意大发，我急忙跑到茅厕，一通“大河向东流”，尿道中猛然一疼，后恢复平静，我料那颗顽石必随尿水而去，方才放下心来。

但大家切记，“兹事体大”，不可小觑，虽是一颗小石头，情急之下也能要了命，日后不注意，弄不好这颗“顽石”又找上肾来，不可不慎！虽然我知道很多人用肾换来水果机嘚瑟，已然没肾可言，但这番啰嗦也是出于好意。据说，女娲娘娘用石头补住了天，你以为石头是闹着玩的？大西北的好石头都快被贪心鬼捡完了，假若哪天女娲娘娘又要找石头补天而不可得，必定大发雷霆，小样儿的，捡了石头赚了昧心钱的家伙，就等着女娲娘娘拿你补天吧！石为阴物，专以吸收阳气为生，不知好石者为何那么执着；玉为石中精品，但其本质仍为阴物，火气过剩者才能佩戴玉石；玉石刻章显得精美，做成摆件倒显得有些阴森。可记得口含玉石而生的宝哥儿么？纨绔子弟、混世魔王，终究不过是个“落架凤凰不如鸡”的下场。好石者，好事者也。

注意身体，结石拜拜！

这只是个开始。