语法基础3第八节(1)——搞定状语
一、什么是状语
状语就是在一句话当中做修饰的词，可以修饰实意动词、形容词、副词、以及整个句子。状语除了名词不能修饰，什么都能修饰。
素颜句子：大雁是女人。
定语化妆：大雁是一个妖娆的女人。
状语化妆：大雁是一个非常妖娆的女人。（副词修饰形容词）
素颜句子：铁锤工作。
定语化妆：勤奋的铁锤工作。
状语化妆：勤奋的铁锤没日没夜地工作。（短语修饰动词）
素颜句子：铁锤向大雁表白了。
定语化妆：憨憨的铁锤向美丽的大雁表白了。
状语化妆：当一个风高月圆的夜晚来临的时候，憨憨的铁锤向美丽的大雁表白了。（从句修饰句子）
二、什么可以做状语
1、副词做状语
① Tiechui worked hard.（副词修饰实意动词）
② Tiechui's painting is really awsome.（副词修饰形容词）
③ Tiechui did this job very well.（副词修饰副词）
④ Unfortunately, Tiechui failed the English exam.（副词修饰句子）
2、介词短语做状语
1）介词短语做状语——表示时间
My daughter is eager to get her lucky money. 女儿迫切希望拿到红包。
My daughter is eager to get her lucky money on New Year's Eve. 除夕夜女儿迫切希望拿到红包。
We often have breakfast. 我们经常吃早饭。
We often have breakfast at 7：00 am. 我们经常早晨七点吃早饭。
2）介词短语做状语——表示地点
Students all sit in the middle of the room. 学生们都坐在教室中央。
My son and I live in Chongqing. 我和我儿子住在重庆。
3）介词短语做状语——表示原因
因为、由于：because of, due to, owing to, on account of, thanks to, as a result of...
The sports meeting was cancelled because of the heavy rain. 运动会因为下大雨取消了。
He had a bad accident due to his careless driving. 他这次车祸是由于驾驶疏忽。
也可以写成
Owing to his careless driving, he had a bad accident. 由于他驾驶疏忽,他发生了大车祸。
Thanks to the development of science and technology, our lives have become more convenient. 由于科技发展，我们生活更便利了。
注意：
① 表示“因为”的介词短语中， due to 通常放在句末，不放在句首；
② owing to 通常放在句首，不放在句末；其他短语的位置则可前可后。
举例：
① The country's economic problems are largely due to the weakness of its recovery. 该国的经济问题很大程度上是因为复苏乏力。
② Owing to his classmates' help, he has made rapid progress. 由于同学们的帮助，他进步很快。
4）介词短语做状语——表示方式
通过：through, via, by,
以......方式：in...manner, in...way, in...method, in...fashion
举例：
① It's more economical to go to Beijing by train. 去北京坐火车更便宜。
② Babys communicate through facial expressions and by making noises. 婴儿们通过面部表情和发出噪声来与人交流。
③ They answer the questions of students via the interactive book. 他们通过互动书回答学生的问题。
5）介词短语做状语——表示让步
虽然、尽管：in spite of, despite, for all;
无论：regardless of...
举例：
① They came to school, despite the heavy rain. 尽管雨很大，他们还是来上学了。
② Everyone has equal rights regardless of religion, colour, or creed. 无论宗教、肤色或信仰如何，每个人都享有平等的权利。
③ We must stick to our dreams in spite of all the difficulties. 尽管困难重重，我们仍要坚持梦想。
6）介词短语做状语——表示伴随
① He stood there, with his hand raise. 他举手着站在那儿。
② He lay on his bed with the sunlight falling on his face. 他躺在床上，阳光洒在他脸上。
3、分词、不定式短语（非谓语动词）做状语
（1）分词短语作状语
★ 公式一：分词短语，主句，一般表原因
① Having worked in this school for many years, he knows it very well. 由于在这个学校工作多年，他对它很了解。
② Not knowing her address, we could not send her this letter. 因为不知道她的地址,我们无法寄信给她。
★ 公式二：主句，分词短语，一般表结果。
① He studied hard, thus getting high marks. 他学习刻苦，所以分数高。
② Their car was caught in a traffic jam, therefore causing the delay. 他们堵车了，所以耽误了。
（2） to do 不定式短语做状语
① He sat down to have a rest. 他坐下想要休息休息。
② I worked hard in order to get a better result. 为了取得更好的成绩，我努力工作。
4、从句做状语
① The teacher raised his voice so that the students in the back could hear more clearly.
老师提高了嗓门这样后面的学生能听得更清楚。（表示目的）
② You will certainly succeed as long as you keep on trying.
只要你继续努力，你一定会成功。（表示条件）
③ The old man enjoys winter swimming even though it is freezing cold outside.
这个老人坚持冬泳，尽管外面冰天雪地。（表示让步）
④ The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.
你锻炼得越多，你就会越健康。（表示比较）
⑤ We teach our children the way our parents have taught us.
我们用父母教我们的方式教我们的孩子。（表示方式）
小结：
1、能作状语的成分有：副词、介词短语、分词、不定式短语（非谓语动词）和从句。
2、状语的位置极其灵活， 可以随意放置在句中， 但是放在句首或句末的情况居多。如果放在句首的话，后面通常用逗号隔开。
举例
① Last night, my friend and I went to see a movie.
② My friend and I went to see a movie last night.
