international trade policy

import tariff

restrict imports by levying on the imports

1.protective tariff

to raise the retail price of imported products so that domestic goods will be more competitive

infant industries 幼稚产业

2. revenue tariff

raise money for the government

rate

generalized system of preferences rate

普惠制税率，单向，最低税率

most favored nation rate

最惠国税率

general rate 普通关税/歧视性关税率

duty

specific duties 从量税

中低端产品

按 per unit, pound, kilo or gallon计量

Ad valorem duties 从价税

base on product's value

高端产品

compound duties

~为主，~为辅

Tariff Schedule 税率表

International Harmonized Commodity Coding and Classification System 协调制度

non-tariff barrier

used by the govenment to reduce imports, other than a simple tariff on imports.

including quotas, discriminatory product standards, buy-at-home rules for government purchases, and administrative red tape(官僚主义)

import quotas配额

a limit on the total quantity of imports of a product allowed into the country during a period of time

quantitative restriction(physical quantity or value)

binding quota

an import quota is typically set below the free trade level of imports

non-binding quota

a quota is set at or above the free trade level of imports

zero quota

on narcotis and other illicit drugs

absolute quotas 全球配额

limit the quantity of imports to a specified level during a specified level during a specified period of time

first-come first-served basis

tariff-rate quotas

allow a specified quantity of goods to be imported at a reduced tariff rate during the specified quota period.

过期不减税

外贸企业: 上半年用工荒

Voluntary Export Restraint

the importing country government coerces the foreign exporting country to agree "voluntarily" to restrict its exports to this country.(日本汽车省油——中东局势——竞争力上升——美国不干)

Other Non-tariff Barriers

1.product standards

2.domestic content requirement

3.government procurement policies

4.red-tape barriers

Export Taxes

raise money, limit important material

Export Subsidies国家出口补购

floor price 最低限价 (农产品)