法律英语每日一词18-Punishment

Punishment  N.

一、释义

1）A sanction--such as a fine, penalty, confinement, or loss of property, right, or privilege--assessed against a person who has violated the law.

2) Family law. A negative disciplinary action administered to a minor child by a parent.

刑罚  指国家惩罚犯罪的一种强制方法，它使犯罪人遭受一定痛苦和剥夺，并对犯罪人及其犯罪行为予以否定性评价。

二、词组精选

corporal punishment   身体罚

Physical punishment; punishment that is inflicted on the body (including imprisonment).

指施于肉体使之感受痛苦的刑罚或触发方法，区别于财产刑或罚金。

cruel and unusual punishment  酷刑

Punishment that is torturous, degrading, inhuman, grossly disproportionate to the crime in question, or otherwise shocking to the moral sense of the community.

指过度的、非人道的、残酷野蛮的刑罚。在美国宪法中，酷刑指国家中从未存在的或已经废除的刑罚种类，而不包括罚金刑或者监禁刑。

cumulative punishment   累计刑罚

Punishment that increases in severity when a person is convicted of the same offense more than once.

对惯犯或再犯所判处的较重的刑罚。它是对罪犯的多个罪行连续作出判决合并执行，而非数罪并罚。

double punishment   重复惩罚

Two forms of punishment levied for the same wrongful act or for different offense that arise from one act.

对同一犯罪行为给予两次或两次以上的惩罚。这是违背禁止双重追溯原则的。

excessive punishment   量刑畸重

Punishment that is not justified by the gravity of the offense or the defendant's criminal record.

指所判处之刑或罚金与被告人罪行的严重程度或有罪记录不相称。

infamous punishment    耻辱犯

Punishment by imprisonment, usu. in a penitentiary.

适用于重罪犯，而非轻罪犯。在200年前，耻辱刑包括死刑、绞刑、枷刑、烙刑、鞭笞刑、服苦役及截耳。殖民时期，鞭笞刑和枷刑不被认为是耻辱刑，但现代可能被认为是耻辱刑。

nonjudicial punishment   非司法性惩罚

A procedure under which a commanding office levies punishment against a minor offender who is subject to the Uniform  Code of Military Justice.

由《统一军事审判法典》特别授权军队指挥官有权对其下属的轻微违法行为直接处以惩罚，而无需由军事法庭予以审判。

reformative punishment  改造性惩罚

Punishment intended to change the character of the offender.

指目的在于改造罪犯的一种惩罚方法。

(来源：Black's Law Dictionary，《元照英美法词典》，《英汉法律用语词典》）