中国传统图案
中国传统图案指的是由历代沿传下来的具有独特民族艺术风格的图案。中国传统图案源于原始社会的彩陶图案,已有6000~7000年的历史。可分为原始社会图案、古典图案、民间和民俗图案、少数民族图案。
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图案的思想内容取决于社会的经济基础,也是古代社会政治、经济、道德、伦理的反映。例如,原始社会彩陶图案的人面鱼纹、双体鱼纹就寓意生活富裕,种族繁衍。商周时期以夸张的张目巨口、狞厉威严的兽面纹象征奴隶主阶级的权威。在形式上,采取器形中轴线、两旁对称的方法,表现出雄伟、稳重、庄严的艺术效果。战国时期青铜图案常以活泼优美的几何形与动物变形穿插组合,并采用耕耘、战斗、狩猎、宴飨、比射、乐舞、采桑等题材,反映封建地主阶级政治理想的萌芽。秦汉时期,建立了封建统一的帝国,耕耘、狩猎、宴飨、比射、杂戏、乐舞、车马等图案风格写实,形象概括,姿态生动;在瓦当、铜镜、漆器、织锦等图案中还应用“延年益寿”、“子孙无极”、“长乐明光”等吉祥文字,加强思想内容的表达。南北朝时期,人们在长期战乱流徙的痛苦中追求安定的天国世界,宣扬修生可以轮回转世的佛教思想成为人们的精神支柱,清瘦俏长、柔美宁静的图案形式和超凡脱俗的佛教题材,便成为南北朝图案风格的主调。隋唐政治安定,物质生活充裕,象征人间温暖幸福的图案题材,如繁花茂叶的卷草,安详温驯的瑞兽,嘴衔花枝瑞草、缨珞珠宝、同心结带的珍禽,综合各种花卉特征的宝相花以及象征丰收的瑞花等,造型丰满,线条饱满圆润、色彩富丽,反映出太平盛世的繁荣景象。宋代,封建主追求靡丽的生活享受,图案以工致细腻的写实风格为主。元代,蒙古族刚劲粗犷的装饰风格和大量用金的审美嗜好改变了南宋图案的柔丽之风。明清时期,不少图案在吸收前代装饰传统的基础上,造型已趋于程式化,在思想内容方面则把社会的政治、伦理、道德、价值观念及生活理想与图案形象结合起来,表现一定的含义,即所谓图必有意,意必吉祥,称为吉祥图案。吉祥图案通过以下各种手法来表达它的思想内容。①象征:根据某些花草果木的生态形状、色彩、功用等自然属性表现某一特定的思想内容,如石榴果内多子,象征多子;牡丹花大色艳,象征富贵;瓜瓞藤蔓不断生长,不断开花结果,象征子孙繁衍;灵芝配制补药,服之延年益寿,象征长寿等。②寓意:用某些群众所喜闻乐见的神话传说,文学典故等题材来寄寓特定的思想内容。例如《汉武内传》记载东方朔偷食王母仙桃而长生不死的神话,故以桃子象征长寿。③比拟:赋予某种题材以拟人化的性格。例如梅花在一年中花期最早,被比拟为花中之魁;《孔子家语·在厄》谓兰花生于深谷,“不以无人而不芳”而被比拟为君子。④表号:将某些题材当作代表某种特写意义的记号。例如“暗八仙”的八种器物图案分别为八仙所执的器物,其中葫芦代表八仙中的李铁拐。萱草也称宜男草,表达了妇女祈求生育男孩的愿望,也作为母亲的象征。⑤谐音:借用题材名称的同音字拼成某种吉祥语。例如,蝙蝠、佛手象征福,鹿象征禄,金鱼象征金玉等。⑥文字直接表意:如直接用“福”、“寿”、“喜”等字。