Day 19 神句翻译和思维导图
Mindmap :
1.Keep alow profile, never take the lead, and make a difference:韬光养晦、决不当头、有所作为.
邓小平1992年提出韬光养晦有所作为的外交战略,这里翻译较为贴切,用了keep low profile意指保持低调。而最早的官方译本都是hide our capabilities and bide our time意思就是掩盖自己的能力，等待时机东山再起,极易引起误解。此后，国外还有一些英文书籍或者是文章，进一步翻译成隐藏能力假装弱小，或者叫做隐藏真实目的，或者是隐藏野心收集爪子等等。其潜台词无外乎就是说，“韬光养晦”是中国在特定的内外形势下，所采取的一种权宜之际，是在隐蔽自己的真实意图等待时机成熟再出手。事实上,韬光养晦的核心含义是:要紧紧抓住经济建设这条主线，埋头苦干发展自己。只有发展自己才能够解决很多的问题。‘韬光养晦’目的就是我们要立足于自身的发展和壮大，才能在国际事务中发挥更大的、积极建设性作用。
关于韬光养晦和有所作为这个中国当年邓小平提出的外交方面的一个指导思想，两者间并不是对立的，不是非此即彼的，而是像中国的易经所讲的，是阴和阳不可分离的，并且阴中有阳，阳中有阴，在相互在一定条件可以转化的，这是一个战略哲学的问题，并不存在要么韬光养晦，要么有所作为问题，在韬光养晦的时候，我们要坚持原则并且不断的有所进取，在我们有所作为的时候也要注意量力而行，不说过头话，不做过头事，坚持我们的主权立场。
2: Thucydides Trap: Thucydides' famous statement that it was the rise of Athenian power and the fear it inspired in Sparta that constituted the true cause of the Peloponnesian War.“修昔底德陷阱”，是指一个新崛起的大国必然要挑战现存大国，而现存大国也必然会回应这种威胁，这样战争变得不可避免。此说法源自古希腊著名历史学家修昔底德，他认为，当一个崛起的大国与既有的统治霸主竞争时，双方面临的危险多数以战争告终。雅典和斯巴达的战争之所以最终变得不可避免，是因为雅典实力的增长，以及这种增长在斯巴达所引起的恐惧。自1500年到2014年，共有15例威胁案例，其中发生战争的有11例。
3. Washington consensus:华盛顿共识 is a set of 10 economic policy prescriptions considered to constitute the "standard" reform package promoted forcrisis-wrackeddeveloping countriesby Washington, D.C.–based institutions such as the International Monetary Fund(IMF),World Bank, and the US Treasury Department.The term was first used in 1989 by English economist John Williamson.
1989年，陷于债务危机的拉美国家急需进行国内经济改革。美国国际经济研究所邀请国际货币基金组织、世界银行、美洲开发银行和美国财政部的研究人员，以及拉美国家代表在华盛顿召开了一个研讨会，旨在为拉美国家经济改革提供方案和对策。美国国际经济研究所的约翰·威廉姆森（John Williamson）对拉美国家的国内经济改革提出了已与上述各机栄达成共识的10条政策措施，称作华盛顿共识。，“华盛顿共识”的教条是“主张政府的角色最小化、快速私有化和自由化。Subsequentto Williamson's use of the terminology, and despite his emphatic opposition,the phrase Washington Consensus has come to be used fairly widely in a second,broader sense, to refer to a more general orientation towards astrongly market-based approach(sometimes described as market fundamentalism or neoliberalism).
4. State-of-the-nation speech : 国情咨文演讲
另一种说法是state-of-the-union address国情咨文，不仅是美国，俄罗斯、菲律宾等实行总统制的国家，也都把总统向国会发表的年度报告称为“国情咨文”。美国政府的施政纲领，主要阐明美国总统每年面临的国内外情况，以及政府将要采取的政策措施。按照美国惯例，每年年初，现任总统都要在国会做年度报告，阐述政府的施政方针，被称为“国情咨文”。类似于我国的“政府工作报告”也就是文中提到的Work Report.
5. Not interfering in other countries’ internal affairs: 不干涉他国内政
6. Common and differentiated responsibilities ： 一作 common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR), was formalized in United Nations Framework of Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) ofEarth Summitin Rio de Janeiro, 1992. The CBDR principle is mentioned in UNFCCC article 3 paragraph 1..,[1]and article 4 paragraph 1.[2]It was the first international legal instrument to address climate change and the most comprehensive international attempt to address negative impacts to global environment.[3]CBDR principle acknowledges all states have shared obligation to address environmental destruction but denies equal responsibility of all states with regard to environmental protection.
In the Earth Summit, states acknowledged disparity of economic development between developed and developing countries. Industrialization proceeded in developed countries much earlier than it did in developing countries. CBDR is based on relationship between industrialization andclimate change.[4]The more industrialized a country is, more likely that it has contributed to climate change. States came to an agreement that developed countries contributed more to environmental degradation and should have greater responsibility than developing countries. CBDR principle could therefore be said to be based onpolluter-pays principlewhere historical contribution to climate change and respective ability become measures of responsibility for environmental protection.[5]
Concept of CBDR evolved from notion of "common concern" inConvention for the Establishment of an Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission of 1949[6]and "common heritage of mankind" in United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982.[7]
“共同但有区别的责任”发端于上世纪70年代初。1972年斯德哥尔摩人类环境会议宣示，保护环境是全人类的“共同责任”；同时指出，发展中国家的环境问题“在很大程度上是发展不足造成的”。这已是“共同但有区别的责任”的雏形。
从上世纪80年代末起，“共同但有区别的责任”逐渐成为国际谈判中的一项规范用语。1997年，《京都议定书》第十条确认了这一原则，并以法律形式予以明确、细化。它规定发达国家应承担的减少温室气体排放(“减排”)的量化义务，而没有严格规定发展中国家应当承担的义务。这是这条原则的具体体现。
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神词组
1： Go viral: 像病毒一样扩散
2. Marks a change: 标志着转变
3. Be wary of sth : 谨防，警觉
4. Boss others around:（美语口语）颐指气使，发号施令，好似老板指使下属。另有相关形容词bossy：专横好指使人，Her loud bossy sister爱管人的大嗓门姐姐
5. Step up its multilateral commitments: if you step up sth, you increase it or increase its intensity.增进其多边承诺
6. Model on：以....为榜样，模仿....
To form, develop, or found something on the basis of something else:
The architect modeled the plans for the newschool on a beautiful old building.
I will model my house on the house we saw in the Mediterranean.
She tried to model herself on her mother.
7. Be resistant to:对....有抵抗力的；耐....的
8. One-size-fits-all approach:一刀切的方式，为满足所有人的情况而涉及的（往往效果不佳）
A one-size-fits-all public education program一刀切的公共教育计划
