Some points 4. - Service

2017-02-27  本文已影响0人  Jinjins1129

在Some points 1中对四大组件做了概览,这里详细记录一下官方文档上对Service做出的说明。

service运行在所在进程的主线程的,除了指定进程或线程,默认情况下既不会创建自己的线程也不会运行在另外的进程。因此如果 service 中执行了CPU敏感型的操作或其他阻塞线程的操作例如访问网络等,需要在 service 内另起线程来执行,否则会 ANR。

Service的类型

Create a service

因为 service 是一个 Android 组件,因此也需要像 activity 一样在 manifest 中的 application 结点中声明。export=false属性可以防止其他应用启动本service。

Create a started service

当调用 Context.startService() ,就创建了started service,通过传递intent来指明服务的名称和携带数据,Service类中的onStartCommand()被回调,在这个方法中可以接收传递过来的intent。有两个类供继承来实现service:Service 和 IntentService。前者是所有service的基类,可以自行实现各种回调方法;后者是Service的一个子类,默认另启了一个工作线程来执行请求,如果不需要处理多重请求的话这是最佳的选择,只需实现onHandleIntent()来接收intent然后执行操作。

public class HelloService extends Service {
  private Looper mServiceLooper;
  private ServiceHandler mServiceHandler;

  // Handler that receives messages from the thread
  private final class ServiceHandler extends Handler {
      public ServiceHandler(Looper looper) {
          super(looper);
      }
      @Override
      public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
          // Normally we would do some work here, like download a file.
          try {
              Thread.sleep(5000);
          } catch (InterruptedException e) {
              // Restore interrupt status.
              Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
          }
          stopSelf(msg.arg1);
      }
  }

  @Override
  public void onCreate() {
    HandlerThread thread = new HandlerThread("ServiceStartArguments",
            Process.THREAD_PRIORITY_BACKGROUND);
    thread.start();

    mServiceLooper = thread.getLooper();
    mServiceHandler = new ServiceHandler(mServiceLooper);
  }

  @Override
  public int onStartCommand(Intent intent, int flags, int startId) {
      Toast.makeText(this, "service starting", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();

      Message msg = mServiceHandler.obtainMessage();
      msg.arg1 = startId;
      mServiceHandler.sendMessage(msg);

      // If we get killed, after returning from here, restart
      return START_STICKY;
  }

  @Override
  public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) {
      return null;
  }

  @Override
  public void onDestroy() {
    Toast.makeText(this, "service done", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
  }
}

值得注意的是在onStartCommand()中需要返回一个 int ,这个返回值描述了当系统杀死 service 后系统如何继续这个 service 。有以下3种值:

当 service 没有被 bound 的话,startService()是唯一的调用组件与 service 通信的入口,如果想返回结果用以交互,可以创建PendingIntent来发送广播,传递给service。

继承Service时需要stopService()来停止服务,当有多个请求连续回调onStartCommand()时,可以调用stopService(startId)来关闭,当此方法内的参数 startId 与 onStartCommand() 内的startId不一致时,不会关闭 service。

Create a bound service

当调用 Context.bindService() ,就创建了bound service。四大组件中只有Activity、Service 、Content Provider可以绑定服务,Broadcast receiver不可以绑定。应用场景为:应用中的组件想要通过service进行通信,以及向其他应用公开一些本应用的功能(IPC)。

要实现bound service,需要实现Service.onBind()方法来返回一个IBinder对象用以实现client与service的交互。调用 Context.bindService(Intent service,ServiceConnection,int flags)时需要提供一个 ServiceConnection 来监听 client 与 service 的连接, bindService() 是异步的,此方法会立即返回,且返回值是一个空值,但连接建立后,系统会回调 ServiceConnection 的 onServiceConnected() 方法,并且传回那个IBinder对象。多个client可以同时绑定同一个service,但是系统只会在第一个client绑定时回调service的onBind()方法,后续的其他client绑定时直接返回相同的IBinder对象而不再回调onBind()方法。

当最后一个 client 与 service 解绑时,service 会被系统销毁,除非同时也调用了Context.startService()使得服务同时也是一个started service,这时需要显式地调用stopService()stopService()来停止服务。

通常有3种方法来实现 IBinder:
(1) Extending the Binder class : 当服务为应用内的私有服务,或不涉及到应用内的跨进程通信时,使用这种方式来实现。client 接到在 service中定义的Binder对象来持有service的入口进而调用service内的方法。
(2) Using a Messenger : 当需要跨进程时,使用此方式。在service内new Messenger(Handler),Messenger.getBinder()可获得IBinder对象
用以进程间通信,使用 Handler & Message 实现service对于client发送过来的数据的处理,同时 client 也可以定义自己的Messenger,来处理service回传过来的数据。
这是实现IPC最简单的方式,因为 Messenger 将所有的请求排队到了单个线程中,因此无需设计service为线程安全的。
(3) Using AIDL : 全称为 Android Interface Definition Language ,将对象分解为原语,系统可以理解这些对象并在进程间编排它们以执行IPC。Messenger就是基于AIDL作为底层结构实现的,如果想要服务实现多线程需求可以AIDL实现,但一般来说这种需求很少见。

Context.bindService(Intent service,ServiceConnection,int flags)时需使用显式intent 来绑定服务,因为隐式intent 无法保证什么样的服务会被响应,存在安全隐患。在Android 5.0+使用隐式intent 来 bindService 会抛出异常。

Service 生命周期

LifeCircle : started service & bound service
Code about how to extend Binder :
public class LocalService extends Service {
    // Binder given to clients
    private final IBinder mBinder = new LocalBinder();
    // Random number generator
    private final Random mGenerator = new Random();

    /**
     * Class used for the client Binder.  Because we know this service always
     * runs in the same process as its clients, we don't need to deal with IPC.
     */
    public class LocalBinder extends Binder {
        LocalService getService() {
            // Return this instance of LocalService so clients can call public methods
            return LocalService.this;
        }
    }

    @Override
    public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) {
        return mBinder;
    }

    /** method for clients */
    public int getRandomNumber() {
      return mGenerator.nextInt(100);
    }
}
public class BindingActivity extends Activity {
    LocalService mService;
    boolean mBound = false;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.main);
    }

    @Override
    protected void onStart() {
        super.onStart();
        // Bind to LocalService
        Intent intent = new Intent(this, LocalService.class);
        bindService(intent, mConnection, Context.BIND_AUTO_CREATE);
    }

    @Override
    protected void onStop() {
        super.onStop();
        // Unbind from the service
        if (mBound) {
            unbindService(mConnection);
            mBound = false;
        }
    }

    /** Called when a button is clicked (the button in the layout file attaches to
      * this method with the android:onClick attribute) */
    public void onButtonClick(View v) {
        if (mBound) {
            // Call a method from the LocalService.
            // However, if this call were something that might hang, then this request should
            // occur in a separate thread to avoid slowing down the activity performance.
            int num = mService.getRandomNumber();
            Toast.makeText(this, "number: " + num, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
        }
    }

    /** Defines callbacks for service binding, passed to bindService() */
    private ServiceConnection mConnection = new ServiceConnection() {

        @Override
        public void onServiceConnected(ComponentName className,
                IBinder service) {
            // We've bound to LocalService, cast the IBinder and get LocalService instance
            LocalBinder binder = (LocalBinder) service;
            mService = binder.getService();
            mBound = true;
        }

        @Override
        public void onServiceDisconnected(ComponentName arg0) {
            mBound = false;
        }
    };
}

Code about how to use a Messenger :

public class MessengerService extends Service {
    /** Command to the service to display a message */
    static final int MSG_SAY_HELLO = 1;

    /**
     * Handler of incoming messages from clients.
     */
    class IncomingHandler extends Handler {
        @Override
        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
            switch (msg.what) {
                case MSG_SAY_HELLO:
                    Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "hello!", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
                    break;
                default:
                    super.handleMessage(msg);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Target we publish for clients to send messages to IncomingHandler.
     */
    final Messenger mMessenger = new Messenger(new IncomingHandler());

    /**
     * When binding to the service, we return an interface to our messenger
     * for sending messages to the service.
     */
    @Override
    public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) {
        Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), "binding", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
        return mMessenger.getBinder();
    }
}
public class ActivityMessenger extends Activity {
    /** Messenger for communicating with the service. */
    Messenger mService = null;

    /** Flag indicating whether we have called bind on the service. */
    boolean mBound;

    /**
     * Class for interacting with the main interface of the service.
     */
    private ServiceConnection mConnection = new ServiceConnection() {
        public void onServiceConnected(ComponentName className, IBinder service) {
            // This is called when the connection with the service has been
            // established, giving us the object we can use to
            // interact with the service.  We are communicating with the
            // service using a Messenger, so here we get a client-side
            // representation of that from the raw IBinder object.
            mService = new Messenger(service);
            mBound = true;
        }

        public void onServiceDisconnected(ComponentName className) {
            // This is called when the connection with the service has been
            // unexpectedly disconnected -- that is, its process crashed.
            mService = null;
            mBound = false;
        }
    };

    public void sayHello(View v) {
        if (!mBound) return;
        // Create and send a message to the service, using a supported 'what' value
        Message msg = Message.obtain(null, MessengerService.MSG_SAY_HELLO, 0, 0);
        try {
            mService.send(msg);
        } catch (RemoteException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.main);
    }

    @Override
    protected void onStart() {
        super.onStart();
        // Bind to the service
        bindService(new Intent(this, MessengerService.class), mConnection,
            Context.BIND_AUTO_CREATE);
    }

    @Override
    protected void onStop() {
        super.onStop();
        // Unbind from the service
        if (mBound) {
            unbindService(mConnection);
            mBound = false;
        }
    }
}
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