Chapter 7 Experiment in State Ca

2017-12-12  本文已影响0人  MollyAllez

Words & Expressions

Unfortunately, he combined aMessianicsense of mission with a deplorable lack of tact and inability to get along with anyone but himself.

deplorable

adj.  formal very bad, unpleasant, and shocking 【正式】 恶劣的;可悲的;令人震惊(appalling)

eg. The prisoners were held in deplorable conditions .

    His conduct was deplorable. 

Whether Wang Anshih loved that distinction or not we do not know, but it is easy to believe that a man so absorbed in hisideas was naturally negligent of his external looks.

negligent

adj  1.not taking enough care over something that you are responsible for, with the result that serious mistakes are made 疏忽的,粗心大意的;玩忽职守的negligent in (doing) sth

eg.The report stated that Dr Brady had been negligent in not giving the patient a full examination.  

Mr Brown was found guilty of negligent driving. 

 2.literary a negligent manner or way of dressing is careless, but in a pleasantly relaxed way 【文】 〔态度﹑穿着〕不拘泥的,不计较的,随便的

eg.He gave a negligent shrug. 

It was because the emperors Yao and Shun knew the four wicked ministers for what they were and had them killed ...

wicked

adj  1.behaving in a way that is morally wrong 邪恶的;缺德的

eg. She is the wicked stepmother in ‘Hansel and Gretel’ .

 2.informal behaving badly in a way that is amusing 【非正式】 淘气的;恶作剧的

eg. Carl had a wicked grin on his face as he crept up behind Ellen. 

3.spoken informal very good 【口,非正式】 很棒的,极好的

eg. That’s a wicked bike! 这自行车真棒!


Excerpts

Wang Anshih bided his time.

王安石前期在地方担任官职,应该算是他的蛰伏期,蓄势待发,寻找机会推行改革。

Is he really ill, or is he fishing for a better post?

在此,将其比作垂钓,王安石欲情故纵,来以此谋求更好的职位。

After reading the long memorandum, Emperor Jentsung laid it aside and let it sleep.

在皇帝读完此信函,将其束之高阁,置之不理。此处用词形象生动,林语堂的文笔真心不错啊~

He began to sweep the whole governmental householdwith a wide new broom.

大刀阔斧地推行改革,终于知道怎么表达了!

Without going too much into the details of the various reforms, we may give a brief summary of these measures. 

此句话在文章中承上启下,在接下了的后半部,重点讨论王安石变法里重点的几项政策的弊端。


Main Ideas

本章节主要是介绍王安石的性格,他推行的变法以及对社会经济和政治产生的主要弊端。

对于王安石此人,苏洵有云:

Su Shun characterized him in a rhetorical flourish as “dressed in a barbarian’s robe and eating the food of pigs and dogs "

说他特立独行,不修边幅(文章中还举了他友人和胖夫人开他玩笑的句子),其实,世人不懂的是他把真正的心思用到了文学以及为国为民的新政上。

而对于王安石变法的内容,高中历史课本也已有详细的阐述。(此章节内容要求对当时的政治背景是需要的有深入的了解的)文章里主要讨论了以下几种影响深渊的变法政策:

青苗法

内容:在每年二月、五月青黄不接时,由官府给农民贷款、贷粮,每半年取利息二分或三分,分别随夏秋两税归还。

作用:大大增加了政府收入;限制了高利贷对农民的剥削,一定程度上缓和了阶级矛盾。

局限:强制农民借贷;利息偏高,农民负担依然沉重。

募役法(又称免役法

内容:将原来按户轮流服差役,改为由官府雇人承担,不愿服差役的民户则按贫富等级交纳一定数量的钱,称为免役钱。官僚地主也不例外。

作用:农民从劳役中解脱出来,保证了劳动时间,促进生产发展;增加了政府财政收入。

局限:对贫苦人是沉重的负担。

市易法

内容:在东京设置市易务,出钱收购滞销货物,市场短缺时再卖出。

作用:限制大商人对市场的控制,有利于稳定物价和商品交流,也增加了政府的财政收入。

均输法

内容:设立发运使,掌握东南六路生产情况和政府与宫廷的需要情况,按照“徙贵就贱,用近易远”的原则,统一收购和运输。

作用:降低国家支出,减轻了纳税户的额外负担,限制了富商大贾对市场的操纵和对民众的盘剥,便利了市民生活。

保甲法

内容:将乡村民户加以编制,十家为一保,民户家有两丁以上抽一丁为保丁,农闲时集中,接受军事训练。

作用:加强对农村的统治,维护农村社会治安; 建立全国性的军事储备;节省了大量的训练费用。

最后,对于王安石变法产生的影响,林语堂主要持负面评价,认为其弊端非常之大。其实,老先生的看法还是有失偏颇,不然王安石也不能位列“唐宋八大家”之一了。历来,对于王安石变法就一直存在争议,个人觉得还是要从利和弊来理解他的变法。王安石的几项经济政策其实放在当今,也是非常有远见以及由现代经济特征的一些政策。对于此问题,要细细深究,还真是的很大的问题。

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