生信相关群体遗传学犬的起源、进化和品种

群体遗传学之个体间遗传距离及其计算方法

2020-02-07  本文已影响0人  PETJO

01-Definition


Genetic distance is the degree of genetic difference (genomic difference) between species or populations that is measured by some numerical method[1].

遗传距离是用来衡量物种之间或同一物种的群体之间的遗传差异(基因组差异)的程度,并且以某种数值进行度量。从本质上讲,遗传差异的任何数值测度,只要是在基因序列水平或是基因频率水平上,由不同个体、种群或种的数据计算而来,皆可定义为遗传距离[2]

A DNA segment is identical by state (IBS) in two or more individuals if they have identical nucleotide sequences in this segment. An IBS segment is identical by descent (IBD) in two or more individuals if they have inherited it from a common ancestor without recombination, that is, the segment has the same ancestral origin in these individuals[3].

在两个或两个以上的个体当中,如果一个 DNA 片段具有相同的核苷酸序列,就说这个 DNA 片段是状态一致(Identity By State, IBS),如果这个 IBS 片段是遗传自同一个祖先且中间过程没有发生过重组事件,就说这个片段是同源一致(Identity By Descent, IBD)。

IBD.png

02-Measures of Genetic Distance


目前,最为常用的个体间遗传距离的度量方法为共享等位基因差异(Allele Sharing Distance),以及与之密切相关的计算指标状态一致性数量(dentity By State, IBS)或等位基因共享百分数(Proportion of Allele Sharing, ASP)。状态一致性数量是指在同一基因座(locus, loci)上,个体间拥有相同等位基因数量。等位基因共享百分比也可以称为等位基因共享类型是指在同一基因座上,个体间拥有相同等位基因的百分比(100%:完全共享,50%:部分共享,0:不共享)。

对于一个二态性的(biallelic)SNP位点,通常有三种基因型:AA、Aa和aa。两个个体的基因型,个体间等位基因共享数量(状态一致数量),个体间等位基因共享类型(百分比)以及个体间遗传距离的数值测度见下表。

Individual 1 Individual 2 IBS ASP Genetic Distance
AA AA 2 100% 0
Aa Aa 2 100% 0
aa aa 2 100% 0
AA Aa 1 50% 0.5
Aa AA 1 50% 0.5
Aa aa 1 50% 0.5
aa Aa 1 50% 0.5
AA aa 0 0 1
aa AA 0 0 1
遗传距离公式.png
Sample ID Individual 1 Individual 2 Individual 3 Individual 4 ...... Individual n
Individual 1 0.3 0.4 0.5 ... 0.5
Individual 2 0.3 0.4 0.5 ... 0.6
Individual 3 0.4 0.4 0.8 ... 0.7
Individual 4 0.5 0.5 0.8 ... 0.6
...... ... ... ... ... 0.7
Individual n 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.7
IBS.png
plink --file mydata --cluster --matrix

  DIBS = 1 - IBS

plink --file mydata --cluster --distance-matrix

参考文献


  1. Nei, M., Genetic Distance, in Encyclopedia of Genetics, S. Brenner and J.H. Miller, Editors. 2001, Academic Press: New York. p. 828-832.

  2. Worku, A. and Y. Tadesse, A Review on Population Structure, Genetic Diversity Analysis, Genetic Distance between Population and Genetic Singularity in Livestock. Advances in Life Science and Technology, 2017. 54: p. 1-6.

  3. Povysil, G. and S. Hochreiter, Sharing of Very Short IBD Segments between Humans, Neandertals, and Denisovans. bioRxiv, 2014: p. 003988.

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