JavaScript宏观任务和微观任务

JavaScript代码在执行的时候，可以说就是拿一段代码给到JavaScript引擎并去执行，此外还可能会提供额外的API给到JavaScript引擎。

在ES3 或者 更早的版本中，JavaScript并无异步操作，所以代码给到JavaScript引擎，它就直接顺次的执行，这个任务是宿主发起的任务我们可以称之为宏观任务（macrotask）。

在ES5 或者 之后的版本，JavaScript出现了Promise，这就不需要浏览器的安排，引擎自己也可以发起任务，这个任务就叫做微观任务（microtask）

image.png

Promise
MDN解释：Promise 对象用于表示一个异步操作的最终状态（完成或失败），以及该异步操作的结果值。
基本用法：

    function sleep(duration) {
        return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
            setTimeout(resolve,duration);
        })
    }
    sleep(1000)
      .then( ()=> console.log("then"))
      .catch( ()=> console.log('catch') )
      .finally( () =>  console.log('finally'));

Promise.prototype.catch(onRejected)
添加一个拒绝(rejection) 回调到当前 promise, 返回一个新的promise。当这个回调函数被调用，新 promise 将以它的返回值来resolve，否则如果当前promise 进入fulfilled状态，则以当前promise的完成结果作为新promise的完成结果.

Promise.prototype.then(onFulfilled, onRejected)
添加解决(fulfillment)和拒绝(rejection)回调到当前 promise, 返回一个新的 promise, 将以回调的返回值来resolve.

Promise.prototype.finally(onFinally)
添加一个事件处理回调于当前promise对象，并且在原promise对象解析完毕后，返回一个新的promise对象。回调会在当前promise运行完毕后被调用，无论当前promise的状态是完成(fulfilled)还是失败(rejected)

    function sleep(duration) {
        return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
            console.log("b");
            setTimeout(resolve,duration);
        })
    }
    console.log("a");
    sleep(5000).then(()=>console.log("c"));

setTimeout 是属于宿主环境的api，属于宏观任务，所以可以分析为两个宏观任务，但是setTimeout中带有一个微观任务。所以执行结果为a b c

async/await
当调用一个 async 函数时，会返回一个 Promise 对象。当这个 async 函数返回一个值时，Promise 的 resolve 方法会负责传递这个值；当 async 函数抛出异常时，Promise 的 reject 方法也会传递这个异常值。

async 函数中可能会有 await 表达式，这会使 async 函数暂停执行，等待 Promise 的结果出来，然后恢复async函数的执行并返回解析值（resolved）。

注意， await 关键字仅仅在 async function中有效。如果在 async function函数体外使用 await ，你只会得到一个语法错误（对象代表尝试解析语法上不合法的代码的错误。）。

var resolveAfter2Seconds = function() {
  console.log("starting slow promise");
  return new Promise(resolve => {
    setTimeout(function() {
      resolve("slow");
      console.log("slow promise is done");
    }, 2000);
  });
};

var resolveAfter1Second = function() {
  console.log("starting fast promise");
  return new Promise(resolve => {
    setTimeout(function() {
      resolve("fast");
      console.log("fast promise is done");
    }, 1000);
  });
};

var sequentialStart = async function() {
  console.log('==SEQUENTIAL START==');

  // 1. Execution gets here almost instantly
  const slow = await resolveAfter2Seconds();
  console.log(slow); // 2. this runs 2 seconds after 1.

  const fast = await resolveAfter1Second();
  console.log(fast); // 3. this runs 3 seconds after 1.
}

var concurrentStart = async function() {
  console.log('==CONCURRENT START with await==');
  const slow = resolveAfter2Seconds(); // starts timer immediately
  const fast = resolveAfter1Second(); // starts timer immediately

  // 1. Execution gets here almost instantly
  console.log(await slow); // 2. this runs 2 seconds after 1.
  console.log(await fast); // 3. this runs 2 seconds after 1., immediately after 2., since fast is already resolved
}

var concurrentPromise = function() {
  console.log('==CONCURRENT START with Promise.all==');
  return Promise.all([resolveAfter2Seconds(), resolveAfter1Second()]).then((messages) => {
    console.log(messages[0]); // slow
    console.log(messages[1]); // fast
  });
}

var parallel = async function() {
  console.log('==PARALLEL with await Promise.all==');
  
  // Start 2 "jobs" in parallel and wait for both of them to complete
  await Promise.all([
      (async()=>console.log(await resolveAfter2Seconds()))(),
      (async()=>console.log(await resolveAfter1Second()))()
  ]);
}

// This function does not handle errors. See warning below!
var parallelPromise = function() {
  console.log('==PARALLEL with Promise.then==');
  resolveAfter2Seconds().then((message)=>console.log(message));
  resolveAfter1Second().then((message)=>console.log(message));
}

sequentialStart(); // after 2 seconds, logs "slow", then after 1 more second, "fast"

// wait above to finish
setTimeout(concurrentStart, 4000); // after 2 seconds, logs "slow" and then "fast"

// wait again
setTimeout(concurrentPromise, 7000); // same as concurrentStart

// wait again
setTimeout(parallel, 10000); // truly parallel: after 1 second, logs "fast", then after 1 more second, "slow"

// wait again
setTimeout(parallelPromise, 13000); // same as parallel