Python built-in function

2020-01-07  本文已影响0人  HelloWorld__
内置函数
abs() divmod() input() open() staticmethod()
all() enumerate() int() ord() str()
any() eval() isinstance() pow() sum()
basestring() execfile() issubclass() print() super()
bin() file() iter() property() tuple()
bool() filter() len() range() type()
bytearray() float() list() raw_input() unichr()
callable() format() locals() reduce() unicode()
chr() frozenset() long() reload() vars()
classmethod() getattr() map() repr() xrange()
cmp() globals() max() reverse() zip()
compile() hasattr() memoryview() round() __import__()
complex() hash() min() set()
delattr() help() next() setattr()
dict() hex() objcet() slice()
dir() id() oct() sorted() exce 内置表达式 
abs(-45)     # 45
abs(1.1)     # 1.1
abs(110L)    # 110

# 函数等价于
def all(iterable):
    for element in iterable:
        if not element:
            return False
    return True

# 函数等价于
def all(iterable):
    for element in iterable:
        if element:
            return True
    return False

# 以下两个语句等价
isinstance(obj, basestring)
isinstance(obj, (str, unicode))

bin(10)    # 返回字符串 '0b1010'

# 创建bytearray对象的方法规则
bytearray()
bytearray(b'')
bytearray(6)
bytearray('hello', encoding="utf-8")

>>> chr(48)       # "0"
>>> chr(0x30)     # "0"

>>>str = "for i in range(0,10): print(i)" 
>>> c = compile(str,'','exec')   # 编译为字节代码对象 
>>> c
<code object <module> at 0x10141e0b0, file "", line 1>
>>> exec(c)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

>>>complex(1, 2)
(1 + 2j)
>>> complex(1)    # 数字
(1 + 0j)
>>> complex("1")  # 当做字符串处理
(1 + 0j)
# 注意：这个地方在"+"号两边不能有空格，也就是不能写成"1 + 2j"，应该是"1+2j"，否则会报错
>>> complex("1+2j")
(1 + 2j)

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
 
class Coordinate:
    x = 10
    y = -5
    z = 0
 
point1 = Coordinate() 
 
print('x = ',point1.x)
print('y = ',point1.y)
print('z = ',point1.z)
 
delattr(Coordinate, 'z')
 
print('--删除 z 属性后--')
print('x = ',point1.x)
print('y = ',point1.y)
 
# 触发错误
print('z = ',point1.z)

>>>dict()                        # 创建空字典
{}
>>> dict(a='a', b='b', t='t')     # 传入关键字
{'a': 'a', 'b': 'b', 't': 't'}
>>> dict(zip(['one', 'two', 'three'], [1, 2, 3]))   # 映射函数方式来构造字典
{'three': 3, 'two': 2, 'one': 1} 
>>> dict([('one', 1), ('two', 2), ('three', 3)])    # 可迭代对象方式来构造字典
{'three': 3, 'two': 2, 'one': 1}

>>>divmod(7, 2)
(3, 1)
>>> divmod(8, 2)
(4, 0)
>>> divmod(1+2j,1+0.5j)
((1+0j), 1.5j)

>>>seasons = ['Spring', 'Summer', 'Fall', 'Winter']
>>> list(enumerate(seasons))
[(0, 'Spring'), (1, 'Summer'), (2, 'Fall'), (3, 'Winter')]
>>> list(enumerate(seasons, start=1))       # 下标从 1 开始
[(1, 'Spring'), (2, 'Summer'), (3, 'Fall'), (4, 'Winter')]

>>>seq = ['one', 'two', 'three']
>>> for i, element in enumerate(seq):
...     print i, element
... 
0 one
1 two
2 three

>>>x = 7
>>> eval( '3 * x' )
21
>>> eval('pow(2,2)')
4
>>> eval('2 + 2')
4
>>> n=81
>>> eval("n + 4")
85

>>>f = file('test.txt')
>>>f.read()

>>>float(1)
1.0
>>> float(112)
112.0
>>> float(-123.6)
-123.6
>>> float('123')     # 字符串
123.0

>>>"{} {}".format("hello", "world")    # 不设置指定位置，按默认顺序
'hello world'
 
>>> "{0} {1}".format("hello", "world")  # 设置指定位置
'hello world'
 
>>> "{1} {0} {1}".format("hello", "world")  # 设置指定位置
'world hello world'

>>> "{hello} {name}".format(hello="Hello", name="China")  # 设置参数
'Hello China'

>>>a = frozenset(range(10))     # 生成一个新的不可变集合
>>> a
frozenset([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])
>>> b = frozenset('runoob') 
>>> b
frozenset(['b', 'r', 'u', 'o', 'n'])   # 创建不可变集合

>>>class A(object):
...     bar = 1
... 
>>> a = A()
>>> getattr(a, 'bar')        # 获取属性 bar 值
1
>>> getattr(a, 'bar2')       # 属性 bar2 不存在，触发异常
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'A' object has no attribute 'bar2'
>>> getattr(a, 'bar2', 3)    # 属性 bar2 不存在，但设置了默认值
3

>>>a='runoob'
>>> print(globals()) # globals 函数返回一个全局变量的字典，包括所有导入的变量。
{'__builtins__': <module '__builtin__' (built-in)>, '__name__': '__main__', '__doc__': None, 'a': 'runoob', '__package__': None}

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
 
class Coordinate:
    x = 10
    y = -5
    z = 0
 
point1 = Coordinate() 
print(hasattr(point1, 'x'))    # True
print(hasattr(point1, 'y'))    # True
print(hasattr(point1, 'z'))    # True
print(hasattr(point1, 'no'))   # False

>>>hash('test')            # 字符串
2314058222102390712
>>> hash(1)                 # 数字
1
>>> hash(str([1,2,3]))      # 集合
1335416675971793195
>>> hash(str(sorted({'1':1}))) # 字典
7666464346782421378

>>>hex(255)
'0xff'
>>> hex(-42)
'-0x2a'
>>> hex(1L)
'0x1L'
>>> hex(12)
'0xc'
>>> type(hex(12))
<class 'str'>      # 字符串

>>>int()               # 不传入参数时，得到结果0
0
>>> int(3)
3
>>> int(3.6)
3
>>> int('12',16)        # 如果是带参数base的话，12要以字符串的形式进行输入，12 为 16进制
18
>>> int('0xa',16)  
10  
>>> int('10',8)  
8

isinstance() 与 type() 区别：

  • type() 不会认为子类是一种父类类型，不考虑继承关系。
  • isinstance() 会认为子类是一种父类类型，考虑继承关系。
  • 如果要判断两个类型是否相同推荐使用 isinstance()。
>>>a = 2
>>> isinstance (a,int)
True
>>> isinstance (a,str)
False
>>> isinstance (a,(str,int,list))    # 是元组中的一个返回 True
True

class A:
    pass
 
class B(A):
    pass
 
isinstance(A(), A)    # returns True
type(A()) == A        # returns True
isinstance(B(), A)    # returns True
type(B()) == A        # returns False

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
 
class A:
    pass
class B(A):
    pass
    
print(issubclass(B,A))    # 返回 True

>>>ord('a')
97
>>> ord('b')
98
>>> ord('c')
99

>>>print(1)  
1  
>>> print("Hello World")  
Hello World  
 
>>> a = 1
>>> b = 'runoob'
>>> print(a,b)
1 runoob
 
>>> print("aaa""bbb")
aaabbb
>>> print("aaa","bbb")
aaa bbb
>>> 
 
>>> print("www","runoob","com",sep=".")  # 设置间隔符
www.runoob.com

import time

print("---RUNOOB EXAMPLE ： Loading 效果---")

print("Loading",end = "")
for i in range(20):
    print(".",end = '',flush = True)
    time.sleep(0.5)

# 定义一个可控的属性值

class C(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self._x = None
 
    def getx(self):
        return self._x
 
    def setx(self, value):
        self._x = value
 
    def delx(self):
        del self._x
 
    x = property(getx, setx, delx, "I'm the 'x' property.")

# 将 property 函数用作装饰器可以很方便的创建只读属性：

class Parrot(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self._voltage = 100000
 
    @property
    def voltage(self):
        """Get the current voltage."""
        return self._voltage

#上面的代码将 voltage() 方法转化成同名只读属性的 getter 方法。
#property 的 getter,setter 和 deleter 方法同样可以用作装饰器：

class C(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self._x = None
 
    @property
    def x(self):
        """I'm the 'x' property."""
        return self._x
 
    @x.setter 
    def x(self, value):
        self._x = value
 
    @x.deleter
    def x(self):
        del self._x

#!/usr/bin/python

aList = [123, 'xyz', 'zara', 'abc', 'xyz']

aList.reverse()
print "List : ", aList

# List :  ['xyz', 'abc', 'zara', 'xyz', 123]

>>>class A(object):
...     bar = 1
... 
>>> a = A()
>>> getattr(a, 'bar')          # 获取属性 bar 值
1
>>> setattr(a, 'bar', 5)       # 设置属性 bar 值
>>> a.bar
5

>>> myslice = slice(5)    # 设置截取5个元素的切片
>>> myslice
slice(None, 5, None)
>>> arr = range(10)
>>> arr
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> arr[myslice]         # 截取 5 个元素
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
>>>

>>>tuple([1,2,3,4])
 
(1, 2, 3, 4)
 
>>> tuple({1:2,3:4})    #针对字典 会返回字典的key组成的tuple
 
(1, 3)
 
>>> tuple((1,2,3,4))    #元组会返回元组自身
 
(1, 2, 3, 4)

>>>exec 'print "Hello World"'
Hello World
# 单行语句字符串
>>> exec "print 'runoob.com'"
runoob.com
 
#  多行语句字符串
>>> exec """for i in range(5):
...   print "iter time: %d" % i
... """
iter time: 0
iter time: 1
iter time: 2
iter time: 3
iter time: 4
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