18.3-《超越感觉》-形成判断-评估证据3

Evaluating evidence consists of asking and answering appropriate questions.
评估证据由恰当的提出和回答道问题构成。

Here are we need to discussed four kinds of evidence and the specific questions that should be asked in evaluating each:
这里是我们需要讨论的4种证据以及在评估每一种证据时应该问的具体问题；

Experiment - For a laboratory experiment, has it been replicated by other researchers? For a field experiment, have other researchers independently confirmed the findings?
实验 - 对于一个实验室实验，它是否被其他研究员复制？在野外实验中，其他研究员独立证实这些发现吗？

Statistics Survey - Is the source of the statistics reliable? Was the sample truly representative - this is, did all members of the total population surveyed have an equal chance of being selected? Were the questions clear, unambiguous, and objectively phrased? For a mailed survey, did a significant number fail to respond? Also, do other surveys corroborate the survey's findings?
统计调查 - 统计数据的来源可靠吗？样本是否真正具有代表性呢？也就是说，所有被调查的总体成员是否都有相同的机会被选中？问题是否清晰、明确、措辞是否客观？对于邮寄调查，是否有相当多的人没有回复？另外，其他调查也证实了调查的结果吗？

Formal observation - Could the observer's presence have distorted what occurred? Was the observation of sufficient duration to permit the conclusions that were drawn? Do the conclusions overgeneralize?
正式观察 - 观察员的存在有扭曲发生的事情吗？观察的时间是否足够长到可以得出这样的结论？ 这些结论是否过度概括了？

Research review - Do the reviewer's conclusions seem reasonable given the research covered in the review? Has the reviewer omitted any relevant research?
研究综述 - 考虑到评审中所涉及的研究，审稿人的结论是否正确？ 审稿人是否遗漏了任何相关研究？