语法基础2第二节——连词分类及区别
一、常见的并列连词
1）平行关系：
and，not only... but also...，both... and...，neither... nor... 等。
2）转折关系：
but，while，yet，whereas 等。
3）选择关系：
or，whether... or not...，either... or... 等。
4）因果关系：
because，since，for，so 等。
二、表示逻辑关系的其它词（副词和介词短语）
1）平行关系：
equally，similarly，likewise，simultaneously，at the same time，in the meanwhile 等。
2）递进关系：
then，also，besides，furthermore，moreover，additionally，subsequently，in addition等。
3）转折关系：
however，nevertheless，nonetheless，conversely，contrarily，unfortunately，unexpectedly，on the contrary，by contrast，on the other hand 等。
4）选择关系：
alternatively 等
5）因果关系
因为：because of，be responsible for，due to，owing to，thanks to
所以：thus，hence，consequently，therefore，as a result，as a consequence 等。
6）总结关系
On the whole，all in all，overall，in conclusion∕ summary ∕ general，generally（speaking）， as a whole，mainly，substantially，to sum up，to conclude，in short∕ brief，in a word 等
7）表示引出新对象
（这类词没有连词，主要是一些介词和介词短语）
about = concerning = regarding = with regard to = as for ∕ to = in respect of 关于
in terms of 就......而论，在......方面 等
补充：以上单词都是实词，就是名词、动词、形容词、副词。介词、连词、冠词都是虚词。所以使用实词要比用虚词更高端，因为虚词每个人都会。
三、同意思的连词与其它逻辑关系词的区别
有朋友自远方来，不亦乐乎。
There is a friend comming from afar , I feel delighted. 对吗？
1）There is a friend comming from afar , so I feel delighted.（加连词so 所以，前面加不加逗号都可以）
2）There is a friend comming from afar. Consequently ，so I feel delighted.（加consequently 所以，副词不能连接两个句子，逗号要变成句号。前后两句话依然可以表达前后因果关系。）
3）There is a friend comming from afar , and consequently ，I feel delighted.（连词 and 没有意思。）
小结：
当使用连词的时候，前面有无逗号均可，当使用副词或介词短语的时候，前面要么使用句号，要么加连词and。
小试牛刀：
① 这辆车子很旧，但仍处于良好的状态。
翻译：The car was old, yet it was in excellent condition.
或：The car was old. However, it was in excellent condition.
或：The car was old，and however, it was in excellent condition.
② 平庸的人用热闹填补空虚，优秀的人则以独处成就自己。
翻译：Ordinary persons fill the void with excitement, yet these excellent ones accomplish themselves by solitude.
或：Ordinary persons fill the void with excitement. By contrast, these excellent ones accomplish themselves by solitude.
或：Ordinary persons fill the void with excitement.，and by contrast, these excellent ones accomplish themselves by solitude.
③ 罗曼罗兰曾经说过，做错事才能长见识，所以人生应当做错一些事情。
翻译：Romain Rolland once said,“you learn by doing wrong so you should do something wrong in life. ”
或：Romain Rolland once said,“ you learn by doing wrong. As a consequence, you should do something wrong in life. ”
④ 人们都在人生的苦难中挣扎，有些浴火重生，有些却粉身碎骨。
翻译： People are all struggling in life. Some rise from the ashes，while others fall to pieces.
或：People are all struggling in life .Some rise from the ashes，and nonetheless, others fall to pieces.
