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Apriori算法实现

2018-05-13  本文已影响49人  紫霞等了至尊宝五百年

导读

随着大数据概念的火热,啤酒与尿布的故事广为人知。我们如何发现买啤酒的人往往也会买尿布这一规律?数据挖掘中的用于挖掘频繁项集和关联规则的Apriori算法可以告诉我们。本文首先对Apriori算法进行简介,而后进一步介绍相关的基本概念,之后详细的介绍Apriori算法的具体策略和步骤,最后给出Python实现代码。

1.Apriori算法简介

Apriori算法是经典的挖掘频繁项集和关联规则的数据挖掘算法。A priori在拉丁语中指"来自以前"。当定义问题时,通常会使用先验知识或者假设,这被称作"一个先验"(a priori)。Apriori算法的名字正是基于这样的事实:算法使用频繁项集性质的先验性质,即频繁项集的所有非空子集也一定是频繁的。Apriori算法使用一种称为逐层搜索的迭代方法,其中k项集用于探索(k+1)项集。首先,通过扫描数据库,累计每个项的计数,并收集满足最小支持度的项,找出频繁1项集的集合。该集合记为L1。然后,使用L1找出频繁2项集的集合L2,使用L2找出L3,如此下去,直到不能再找到频繁k项集。每找出一个Lk需要一次数据库的完整扫描。Apriori算法使用频繁项集的先验性质来压缩搜索空间。

2. 基本概念

image

3. 实现步骤

一般而言,关联规则的挖掘是一个两步的过程:

    1. 找出所有的频繁项集

    2. 由频繁项集产生强关联规则

3.1挖掘频繁项集

3.1.1 相关定义

由于存在先验性质:任何非频繁的(k-1)项集都不是频繁k项集的子集。因此,如果一个候选k项集Ck的(k-1)项子集不在Lk-1中,则该候选也不可能是频繁的,从而可以从Ck中删除,获得压缩后的Ck。下文代码中的is_apriori函数用于判断是否满足先验性质,create_Ck函数中包含剪枝步骤,即若不满足先验性质,剪枝。

基于压缩后的Ck,扫描所有事务,对Ck中的每个项进行计数,然后删除不满足最小支持度的项,从而获得频繁k项集。删除策略包含在下文代码中的generate_Lk_by_Ck函数中。

3.1.2 步骤

  1. 每个项都是候选1项集的集合C1的成员。算法扫描所有的事务,获得每个项,生成C1(见下文代码中的create_C1函数)。然后对每个项进行计数。然后根据最小支持度从C1中删除不满足的项,从而获得频繁1项集L1。

  2. 对L1的自身连接生成的集合执行剪枝策略产生候选2项集的集合C2,然后,扫描所有事务,对C2中每个项进行计数。同样的,根据最小支持度从C2中删除不满足的项,从而获得频繁2项集L2。

  3. 对L2的自身连接生成的集合执行剪枝策略产生候选3项集的集合C3,然后,扫描所有事务,对C3每个项进行计数。同样的,根据最小支持度从C3中删除不满足的项,从而获得频繁3项集L3。

  4. 以此类推,对Lk-1的自身连接生成的集合执行剪枝策略产生候选k项集Ck,然后,扫描所有事务,对Ck中的每个项进行计数。然后根据最小支持度从Ck中删除不满足的项,从而获得频繁k项集。

3.2 由频繁项集产生关联规则

一旦找出了频繁项集,就可以直接由它们产生强关联规则。产生步骤如下:

4. 样例以及Python实现代码

下图是《数据挖掘:概念与技术》(第三版)中挖掘频繁项集的样例图解。

image

本文基于该样例的数据编写Python代码实现Apriori算法。代码需要注意如下两点:

"""
# Python 2.7
# Filename: apriori.py
# Author: llhthinker
# Email: hangliu56[AT]gmail[DOT]com
# Blog: http://www.cnblogs.com/llhthinker/p/6719779.html
# Date: 2017-04-16
"""


def load_data_set():
    """
    Load a sample data set (From Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques, 3th Edition)
    Returns: 
        A data set: A list of transactions. Each transaction contains several items.
    """
    data_set = [['l1', 'l2', 'l5'], ['l2', 'l4'], ['l2', 'l3'],
            ['l1', 'l2', 'l4'], ['l1', 'l3'], ['l2', 'l3'],
            ['l1', 'l3'], ['l1', 'l2', 'l3', 'l5'], ['l1', 'l2', 'l3']]
    return data_set


def create_C1(data_set):
    """
    Create frequent candidate 1-itemset C1 by scaning data set.
    Args:
        data_set: A list of transactions. Each transaction contains several items.
    Returns:
        C1: A set which contains all frequent candidate 1-itemsets
    """
    C1 = set()
    for t in data_set:
        for item in t:
            item_set = frozenset([item])
            C1.add(item_set)
    return C1


def is_apriori(Ck_item, Lksub1):
    """
    Judge whether a frequent candidate k-itemset satisfy Apriori property.
    Args:
        Ck_item: a frequent candidate k-itemset in Ck which contains all frequent
                 candidate k-itemsets.
        Lksub1: Lk-1, a set which contains all frequent candidate (k-1)-itemsets.
    Returns:
        True: satisfying Apriori property.
        False: Not satisfying Apriori property.
    """
    for item in Ck_item:
        sub_Ck = Ck_item - frozenset([item])
        if sub_Ck not in Lksub1:
            return False
    return True


def create_Ck(Lksub1, k):
    """
    Create Ck, a set which contains all all frequent candidate k-itemsets
    by Lk-1's own connection operation.
    Args:
        Lksub1: Lk-1, a set which contains all frequent candidate (k-1)-itemsets.
        k: the item number of a frequent itemset.
    Return:
        Ck: a set which contains all all frequent candidate k-itemsets.
    """
    Ck = set()
    len_Lksub1 = len(Lksub1)
    list_Lksub1 = list(Lksub1)
    for i in range(len_Lksub1):
        for j in range(1, len_Lksub1):
            l1 = list(list_Lksub1[i])
            l2 = list(list_Lksub1[j])
            l1.sort()
            l2.sort()
            if l1[0:k-2] == l2[0:k-2]:
                Ck_item = list_Lksub1[i] | list_Lksub1[j]
                # pruning
                if is_apriori(Ck_item, Lksub1):
                    Ck.add(Ck_item)
    return Ck


def generate_Lk_by_Ck(data_set, Ck, min_support, support_data):
    """
    Generate Lk by executing a delete policy from Ck.
    Args:
        data_set: A list of transactions. Each transaction contains several items.
        Ck: A set which contains all all frequent candidate k-itemsets.
        min_support: The minimum support.
        support_data: A dictionary. The key is frequent itemset and the value is support.
    Returns:
        Lk: A set which contains all all frequent k-itemsets.
    """
    Lk = set()
    item_count = {}
    for t in data_set:
        for item in Ck:
            if item.issubset(t):
                if item not in item_count:
                    item_count[item] = 1
                else:
                    item_count[item] += 1
    t_num = float(len(data_set))
    for item in item_count:
        if (item_count[item] / t_num) >= min_support:
            Lk.add(item)
            support_data[item] = item_count[item] / t_num
    return Lk


def generate_L(data_set, k, min_support):
    """
    Generate all frequent itemsets.
    Args:
        data_set: A list of transactions. Each transaction contains several items.
        k: Maximum number of items for all frequent itemsets.
        min_support: The minimum support.
    Returns:
        L: The list of Lk.
        support_data: A dictionary. The key is frequent itemset and the value is support.
    """
    support_data = {}
    C1 = create_C1(data_set)
    L1 = generate_Lk_by_Ck(data_set, C1, min_support, support_data)
    Lksub1 = L1.copy()
    L = []
    L.append(Lksub1)
    for i in range(2, k+1):
        Ci = create_Ck(Lksub1, i)
        Li = generate_Lk_by_Ck(data_set, Ci, min_support, support_data)
        Lksub1 = Li.copy()
        L.append(Lksub1)
    return L, support_data


def generate_big_rules(L, support_data, min_conf):
    """
    Generate big rules from frequent itemsets.
    Args:
        L: The list of Lk.
        support_data: A dictionary. The key is frequent itemset and the value is support.
        min_conf: Minimal confidence.
    Returns:
        big_rule_list: A list which contains all big rules. Each big rule is represented
                       as a 3-tuple.
    """
    big_rule_list = []
    sub_set_list = []
    for i in range(0, len(L)):
        for freq_set in L[i]:
            for sub_set in sub_set_list:
                if sub_set.issubset(freq_set):
                    conf = support_data[freq_set] / support_data[freq_set - sub_set]
                    big_rule = (freq_set - sub_set, sub_set, conf)
                    if conf >= min_conf and big_rule not in big_rule_list:
                        # print freq_set-sub_set, " => ", sub_set, "conf: ", conf
                        big_rule_list.append(big_rule)
            sub_set_list.append(freq_set)
    return big_rule_list


if __name__ == "__main__":
    """
    Test
    """
    data_set = load_data_set()
    L, support_data = generate_L(data_set, k=3, min_support=0.2)
    big_rules_list = generate_big_rules(L, support_data, min_conf=0.7)
    for Lk in L:
        print "="*50
        print "frequent " + str(len(list(Lk)[0])) + "-itemsets\t\tsupport"
        print "="*50
        for freq_set in Lk:
            print freq_set, support_data[freq_set]
    print
    print "Big Rules"
    for item in big_rules_list:
        print item[0], "=>", item[1], "conf: ", item[2]
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