Nature综述评论精读：新冠病毒的治疗策略（4）
今天进行最后一个部分的阅读啦，开始之前我们还是先复盘一下上一次的内容， Candidate 药物靶点；Repurposing 再利用，改变用途；experimental 实验性的；in the form of 以…的形式；target 靶点；in a broad spectrum of 范围很广；patients with … 某种疾病的患者；randomized trials 随机试验；side effects 副作用；at high doses高剂量；whether 是否；broad-spectrum广谱的；receive intravenous sth. 接受静脉注射某药物的治疗；phase III trials 三期实验；estimated估计的；healthy subject健康的受试者；antiviral activity 抗病毒活性；preclinical study against sth. 对…的临床前研究；lacking缺乏；initiate启动；hypothesize假设；appear显示出；be associated with与…相关；improved clinical outcomes改善临床疗效；it is debatable whether 还尚存在争议；belong to属于；optimize优化；be absent in缺席；interfere with干扰；potency效力；remain a concern仍然值得关注；promising有前途的；gel凝胶；enema灌肠剂；re-evaluate重新评估。上一篇的词汇量非常大，没有掌握的就快快回去复习一下吧。
1. Host-targeted agents. ①Pegylatedinterferon alfa-2a and -2b, approved for the treatment of HBV and HCV, could beused to stimulateinnateantiviral responsesin patients infected with 2019-nCoV, and trialsinvolvinginterferonshave been initiated, such as a trial testing the approved anti-HCV combinationof a pegylated interferon plus ribavirin (ChiCTR2000029387). ②However, it is unclear whether a pegylated interferon and anucleoside compound could actsynergisticallyagainst2019-nCoV. ③Owing tomultipleadverse effects associated withsubcutaneous interferon therapies, their evaluation should be closely monitoredanddose reductionordiscontinuationof therapy may be required.
参考译文：宿主靶向的药物制剂。聚乙二醇化干扰素α-2a和-2b是两种已经获得批准治疗乙肝病毒和丙肝病毒感染的药物，它们可能可以被用于刺激新冠病毒感染患者的先天抗病毒反应，同时相关的临床试验已经启动，其中包括检验已经获批联合用药治疗丙肝病毒的聚乙二醇化干扰素与利巴韦林。然而，目前聚乙二醇化干扰素与核苷类似物的联合用药是否能起到治疗新冠病毒的协同效应。由于皮下注射干扰素与多种副作用相关，这组评估需要对患者进行密切的监控，根据患者的反应，可能需要降低剂量或者中止治疗。
段落分析：本段介绍了宿主靶向的药物制剂，主要介绍了聚乙二醇化干扰素α-2a和-2b。①介绍了药物治疗新冠的可能性，②③介绍了相关的副作用。
agent/'eɪdʒ(ə)nt/ 我们熟知的解释为代理商，此处显然不止是个释译，这里用的是agent的一种学术的解释(technical 术语),理解为(化学)剂（achemical or a substance that produces an effect or a change or is used for aparticular purpose），也是我们写作中的一个常用词汇，在今年发表的JAMA（IF：51.237）上有这样一个例句：Some patientsrequired supplemental oxygen and had variable clinical outcomes followingtreatment with an antiretroviral agent.【熟词僻义】
innate antiviral response 词组理解为先天性的抗病毒免疫。词汇拓展：Innate immunity 固有免疫； Acquiredimmunity、Adaptive immunity获得性免疫。
involving 理解为涉及，由动词形式involve转换而来，是一个比较常见的后置定语的描述词汇。例句：Peptidedeformylase (PDF) is an essential enzyme involving in bacterial proteinbiosynthesis. 肽脱甲酰基酶是细菌蛋白质合成过程中一种关键酶。拓展表达涉及到的词汇：involve、relate to、refer to、touch upon。【写作推荐】
synergistically 副词，理解为协同地，由动词synergy衍生而来。例句：IFNG and IL2 actsynergistically and contribute to immune response.IFNG和IL2协同作用，促进免疫应答。词汇拓展：反义词拮抗地antagonistically。
owing to词组理解为由于，可以替换的词汇有owing to , due to ,because of , thanks to。【写作推荐】
adverse effect词组解释为不利影响影响，类似于side effect。例句：Maternal hormonal disturbances also have adverse effecton fetus. 母体激素紊乱对胎儿也有不利影响。
dose reduction词组，理解为减少剂量。反义词dose escalation增加剂量。
discontinuation/'dɪskən,tɪnjʊ'eɪʃən/ 解释为停药（theact of discontinuing or breaking off; an interruption (temporary or permanent)），例句：However, the SSRIs werebetter tolerated, with significantly low rates of treatment discontinuation.然而，SSRIs的耐受性更好，治疗中止率明显较低。
2. ① Small-molecule agents approved for other human diseases may modulatethe virus–host interactions of 2019-nCoV. ②An approvedimmune modulator, chloroquine, shows inhibitoryeffects against 2019-nCoV (EC50=1.13 μMin Vero E6 cells) and is being evaluated in an open-label trial(ChiCTR2000029609). ③ Nitazoxanide,approved for diarrhea treatment, could also inhibit 2019-nCoV (EC50=2.12μM in Vero E6 cells)5. ③ Theantiviral efficacy of such agents needs to be assessed in clinical studies. ④It is also worth mentioning thatalthough many attempts have been madeto develop host-targeted small molecules against viral infections in the past50 years, only maraviroc has gained approval by the FDA, for HIV treatment.
参考译文：已经获批治疗其它人类疾病的小分子药物也有可能调节新冠病毒与宿主之间的相互作用。已经获批的免疫调节剂氯喹，在一项开放标签的实验(ChiCTR2000029609)中发现氯喹在Vero E6细胞系中显示出对新冠病毒的抑制能力（EC50为1.13 M）。它目前在一项开放标签临床试验中接受检验。获批治疗腹泻的硝唑尼特（nitazoxanide）在细胞系中也表现出抑制新冠病毒的活性（EC50为2.12 M）。它的临床效能仍然需要在临床实验中被检测。值得一提的是，虽然在过去50年里，研究人员在靶向宿主的小分子药物开发上做出很多尝试，但是只有一款药物获得FDA批准，它是治疗HIV的maraviroc。
段落分析：本段主要介绍的是小分子药物，①总领全段，介绍小分子药物治疗的可能性，②介绍氯喹药物，③介绍硝唑尼特，④最后一句话，用although画风一转，介绍了小分子药物治疗的最大弊端，就是目前可批准的药物很少。
Chloroquine（图片来源：维基百科）
Nitazoxanide（图片来源：维基百科）
open-label trial词组开放标签实验，指的就是对研究者和受试者都不设盲的实验双方都知道真实的给药情况。【科普知识】
It is also worth mentioning that 解释为值得一提的是，一个很好的SCI写作句型，例句：
Itis worth mentioning that IL-10 is also involved in tendon remodeling.值得一提的是，IL-10也参与了肌腱重塑【写作推荐】
Outlook
展望
Outlook/'aʊtlʊk/ 解释为展望（theprobable future for sb / sth; what is likely to happen）。也是SCI标题中的常用词汇，2017年NatRev Endocrinol（IF:24.64）上就有New outlook on the diagnosis,treatment and follow-up of childhood-onset craniopharyngioma. Nat. Rev. Microbiol（IF:34.64）上也有A CRISPR outlook forapicomplexans.【写作推荐】
3. ①The rapididentification of effective interventions against 2019-nCoV is amajor challenge. ②Giventhe availableknowledge on their safety profiles, andin some casesefficacy against closelyrelated coronaviruses, repurposing existing antiviral agents is a potentiallyimportantnear-term strategytotackle2019-nCoV.③Phase III trials of remdesivir have been initiated, and many other trials arebeing established in China to test various treatment options such asumifenovir, oseltamivir and ASC09F (Supplementary Table 1).
参考译文：如何迅速发现治疗新冠病毒的有效手段是一项重大挑战。由于已有抗病毒药具有已知的安全性特征，以及对与冠状相似病毒的活性，将这些药物“老药新用“可能是治疗新冠病毒的重要近期策略。瑞昔韦的3期临床试验已经启动，其余多项临床试验已经在中国展开，评估其它治疗选择的效果，包括umifenovir、oseltamivir和ASC09F（详见补充表1）。
段落分析：本段是展望章节的第一段，首先①②总结全文，老药新用治疗新型冠状病毒，③ 写老药新用在中国的应用情况
a major challenge词组解释为重大挑战，例句：Such transformations donot present a major challenge.这种转变并不构成重大挑战
Given用在句首，解释为考虑到（whenyou consider sth），我们来改写一下文中的句子，Giventhe available knowledge on their safety profiles=Consideringwe have already get the available knowledge on their safety profiles.【写作推荐】
in some cases 词组解释为有时候，例句： In some cases, this is related toEGFR-activating mutations.在某些情况下，这与EGFR激活突变有关。
near-term strategy词组解释为近期的策略，拓展词汇mid-term strategy中期战；long-term strategy长期战略。
tackle /'tæk(ə)l/ 动词解释为应付；处理（deal with sth difficult）。拓展词汇tackle a problem/issue/question解决问题；tackle a job/challenge解决挑战；tackle somethinghead-on正面应对。【写作推荐】
4. ①In addition, more than 50 existing MERS and/or SARS inhibitors, suchas galidesivir, the protease inhibitors GC813 and compound 3k, the helicaseinhibitor SSYA10 001 and the nucleoside analogue pyrazofurin (SupplementaryTable 1) could bescreened against 2019-nCoV by facilities that have appropriatebiocontainment capability. ② However, the reported EC50 and IC50values of existing MERS and/or SARS inhibitors are mostly in the micromolarrange, and further optimization of their activities against2019-nCoV is probably needed before agents would be ready for clinicalevaluation.
参考译文：而且，超过50种已有MERS和/或SARS抑制剂表现出抗新冠病毒的适当的生物遏制能力，例如加利地韦，蛋白酶抑制剂GC813和化合物3k，解旋酶抑制剂SSYA10 001和核苷类似物吡唑呋林（详见补充表1）。但是，现有MERS和/或SARS抑制剂EC50和IC50值大多在微摩尔范围内，如果需要药物对抗新冠病毒在进行临床评估之前可能需要进一步优化其针对2019-nCoV的活性。
段落分析：本段是接着上一个段落分析的两举内容，①进一步说明在中国的应用情况，②目前存在的不足。
screen /skriːn/ 理解为动词检查筛查（to examine people in order to find out if they have a particulardisease or illness）。【熟词僻义】
biocontainment 一个符合名词，由bio-containment组成，解释为生物遏制。
further optimization 词组解释为进一步优化，例句：However, they notedthat EGT still requires further development and optimization. 然而，他们指出，EGT仍然需要进一步的开发和优化。
5. ① With the ongoingefforts to prevent thespread of 2019-nCoV worldwide, we hope that the outbreak maysubsidein a fewmonths, as with SARS and MERS. ② Nevertheless, theoutbreak has emphasized the urgent need for renewed efforts to developbroad-spectrum antiviral agents tocombatcoronaviruses.
参考译文：通过持续的努力来防止2019-nCoV在全球范围内的传播，我们希望像SARS和MERS一样在几个月内消除疫情。尽管如此，疫情突出表明迫切需要重新努力，开发广谱抗病毒药物来对抗冠状病毒。
ongoing/'ɒngəʊɪŋ/ 理解为持续存在的；仍在进行的；不断发展的（continuing to existor develop）。
subside /səb'saɪd/ 理解为趋于平静；平息；减弱；消退（to become calmer orquieter）。意思相近的替换词语还有decrease, abate, decline, drop, dwindle, fall, sink, subside。【写作推荐】
combat/'kɒmbæt/ 理解为防止，减轻（to stop sth unpleasant or harmful from happening or fromgetting worse）。
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