molecular biology神经科学

记录神经元活性的电生理方法-1: 神经元放电特性及电生理平台组成

2019-10-30  本文已影响0人  发哥的档案室

Neuroscicence/method

前言:本人没有学过电生理,这篇是自己查找文献资料写的一些总结。
有些内容可能不太正确或者说不太准确,所以仅供参考,希望能帮到大家。
如果存在谬误,希望大家能指出,我会尽快更正。
感谢各位,希望和大家一起进步。

outline

  1. 主要的记录神经元活性的电生理方法 (what ?)
  2. 原理 why?(信号采集,电路,滤波,降噪,放大等)
  3. 主要的操作步骤、需要哪些设备、怎么搭建 how?
  4. 采集到的原始数据长什么样子 data?
  5. 在哪记录?where?
  6. 什么情况下用哪种方法 application?
  7. 什么是电流钳?什么是电压钳?
  8. 文章中的电生理图怎么看?figure
  9. 与光遗传的搭配使用?

参考资料:

参考文献:
《Guide to Research Techniques in Neuroscience》
《The Axon Guide: A guide to Electrophysiology and Biophysics Laboratory Techniques》

视频:
膜片钳电生理技术_哔哩哔哩

网站:
膜片钳技术|电生理学|电生理学工具-Molecular Devices官网
膜片钳电生理技术 - JoVE

三种主要的电生理技术

主要是根据电极插入检测样本神经元细胞的位置来划分:

一图胜千言,请看: 三种主要的神经元电生理记录方法.png

膜片钳有不同的钳制方式,如:

膜片钳钳制方式.png

根据需求,不同的电生理记录方法可以分别用于记录体内体外的神经元细胞的电特性 ( the electrical properties )。(后面将哪种情况下用哪种合适)。

神经元电特性 (the electrical properties)

我们首先得知道,电生理研究的是什么?
研究神经元的电生理活动,就研究不同刺激下神经元的放电性质(频率,强弱,时长等),所以我们必须先了解神经元的电特性。

细节这里不讲(另一篇再整理),这里有几点需要知道的:

  1. 静息电位时,神经元细胞膜电位 “外正内负” ,膜电位大概是 -70 mV
  2. 当局部电位 (localized potentials) 去极化达到阈值时 (约 -55 mV),Na 电压门控 离子通道打开,Na 离子迅速内流使膜电位“有负转正”,产生动作电位。
  3. 此后,Na 电压门控离子通道逐渐关闭,K 电压门控离子通道逐渐打开,膜电位逐渐恢复到静息电位。
  4. 阈值电位以下下不产生动作电位,一旦动作电位产生,就会保持等幅的电位差从轴突传递下去。
  5. 在化学突触轴突末梢,去极化使得突触前膜钙离子通道打开,钙离子内流,促使突触囊泡与突触前膜融合,释放神经递质到突触间隙。
  6. 神经递质与突触后膜的受体结合,并激活特定的离子通道,引起 EPSP (兴奋性突触后电位) 或 IPSP (抑制性突触后电位)
神经元动作电位时电位变化与离子通道开放的关系.png

工具

工欲善其事,必先利其器
知道了我们想干嘛,我们先看看看记录神经元电生理活动的设备

The Patch-Clamp Rig

电生理实验设备.png
  1. Amplifier 放大器
  2. Digitizer 数模转换器
  3. Software 计算机软件处理系统
  4. Headstage 头部 (我不知道怎么翻译,意译吧)
  5. Microscope with micromanipulator 显微镜及显微操作系统
  6. Faraday Cage and Vibration Isolation System 隔离台
各部件是如何连接在一起的示意图.png

下文逐一讲各部分组件的特点和功能


Microelectrode

我们先从源头开始讲,那当然是微电极 Microelectrode, ME

Microelectrode 微电极.png

These metal electrodes not only provide more stable isolation of single units than micropipettes, but they tend to sample from a larger morphological variety of cells and also help in better localization of electrode tracks to identify where recordings took place in whole brains.

两种电极使用情况对比.png

Smaller tips have higher resistances, and they restrict the area from which potentials can be recorded, thus permitting the isolation of the activity of either a fiber or a cell. Large tips and low resistances pick up the activity from a number of neurons and are of limited use in efforts to identify the functional properties of single cells.

Tip D 较粗的电极能记录多细胞放电活动,Tip A 较细进行单细胞记录.png

Tips with very high resistances are also of little use, as they cannot record neural activity unless they are very close to the cell membrane or actually inside a cell.

“胞外胞内”用的微电极粗细对比.png

微电极的等效电路图.png

Headstage

The headstage is the central hub that connects the electronic equipment to the tissue preparation. It contains an electrode holder that stabilizes the microelectrode during recordings and also directly connects the microelectrode to the first stage of amplifier electronics needed to detect the electrical signals. The headstage passes the signal to the main amplifier for the main signal processing. The headstage is carefully positioned by the micromanipulator and is also attached to the microdrive.

Accurately placing a patch electrode onto a 10-20 μm cell requires an optical system that can magnify up to 300- or 400- fold with contrast enhancement (e.g. Nomarski/DIC ( 微分干涉相差显微镜 ), Phase, or Hoffman) and a micromanipulator that stably positions the electrode in 3D space. An inverted microscope(倒置显微镜) is preferable because it allows easier access for electrodes from above the preparation and also provides a larger, more solid platform to bolt the micromanipulator. (更好地为微电极腾出操作的空间) A micromanipulator has the ability to move the electrode in very minute distances along the X, Y, and Z axes. The micromanipulator can then hold that position indefinitely.

A microdrive is used to lower or raise the microelectrode to a specific depth in tissue in very fine steps. It is usually preferable to use remote-controlled microdrive systems to eliminate hand vibration. Thus, the headstage (and consequently the electrode) can be set into place by hand using the micromanipulator and then finely adjusted in and out of tissue using a microdrive for the final approach to the cell.

headstage“承下启上”.png
Amplifier

An instrument that contains the circuitry required to measure electrical currents passing through ion channels or changes in cell membrane potential. The amplifier contains the circuitry necessary to measure current passing through the cell membrane both in magnitude and direction. The amplifier can also measure the cell membrane potential in response to the movement of current.

To initiate current movement, the experimenter can deliver a voltage command (钳制电压) to the cell, and the cell will respond by passing the current necessary to maintain that voltage command. (电压钳,用于测过膜电流。) Conversely, the experimenter may also inject current and then measure the change in membrane potential resulting from that change in current. (电流钳,注入衡定电流测膜电位变化,模拟生理状态下离子流动触发动作电位)

Digitizer

*The current acquired by the amplifier is an analog signal, but in order to perform data analysis needed for high resolution patch-clamp measurements, the analog signal must be converted into a digital one. *

然后既然提到了带宽采样频率,就来说说为什么这两者会影响采样的质量。首先要弄清楚一点,带宽是也是表示频率,单位是 Hz,带宽代表的是数据本身的频率,而采样频率指的是从数据中抽样的频率。如下图,左边是原始数据的频率,右边是采样数据的频率。很明显可以看出,采样频率越高,数据还原度越高。

采样频率与数据还原度.png

然而,带宽只是代表,而并不等于数据本身的频率,因为模拟信号存在着衰减的情况。先来看看从microelectrode 到 Digitizer 的结构。

模拟信号输入路径(Analog-Input-Path)

信号采集系统.png

The analog input path attenuates, amplifies, filters, and/or couples the signal to optimize it in preparation for digitization by the ADC. The ADC samples the conditioned waveform and converts the analog input signal to digital values that represent the analog input waveform. The frequency response of the input path causes an inherent loss of amplitude and phase information.

带宽Bandwidth
It is defined as the frequency at which a sinusoidal input signal is attenuated to 70.7 percent of its original amplitude, which is also known as the -3 dB point. It is defined as the frequency at which a sinusoidal input signal is attenuated to 70.7 percent of its original amplitude, which is also known as the -3 dB point.

Bandwidth describes the analog front end’s ability to get a signal from the outside world to the ADC (analog-to-digital converter) with minimal amplitude loss—from the tip of the probe or test fixture to the input of the ADC. In other words, the bandwidth describes the range of frequencies an oscilloscope can accurately measure.

(不知道这一块有没有讲清楚,到这里电信号是如何产生,以及如何采集已经基本讲完了,后面就是数据的可视化,屏蔽环境噪音等)


Oscilloscope & Loudspeaker System & Computer & Software

An oscilloscope receives the electrical signal from the amplifier and displays the membrane voltage over time. This is the major source of data output in electrophysiology experiments. They can also be heard by connecting the output of the amplifier to a loudspeaker. Action potentials make a distinctive popping sound, so recording the activity of an active neuron can sound like popcorn popping. Loudspeakers can be helpful when trying to locate a neuron of interest, because different types of neurons have distinctive firing patterns.

Computers have greatly aided electrophysiological studies by automating stimulus delivery and electrical signal recording. Computers can easily manipulate many parameters during recordings, such as the recording thresholds and stimulus delivery timing. Computers also allow simple real-time data analysis, displaying the results of an experiment, even while the experiment is occurring.

pCLAMP 11 软件套件的功能.png
Vibration Isolation System & Faraday Cage
减震桌.png

最后,根据不同的实验要求,需要不同的实验设备部件

两种多通道微电极示意图.png

总结:

这一篇主要讲了:
1. 主要的电生理技术
2. 神经元电特性
3. 电生理实验的设备

还没讲的有(放到后面吧,看那么多大家也累了):
1. 什么是电流钳?什么是电压钳?
2. 实现的电路原理 (现在只是简单介绍了一些信号采集的过程)
3. 信号处理 (最原始数据是怎么变成我们拿到手的数据的,这部分我可能能力不足先跳过)
4. 胞外记录,胞内记录,膜片钳的应用
5. 文章中的电生理图怎么看?figure (其实就是拿到手的 data 怎么加工变成文章展示出来的 data)
6. 其他拓展应用,如果结合光遗传

我总结的不够系统,也不够全面,只因我完全没有接触过这一块内容。然而万丈高楼从地起,这算是迈出第一步。如果我以后有机会接触一块,再来重新谈谈我的理解和认识。


后记:
无论是上课,还是看 paper,看到这些实验的时候都是一脸茫然。
所以想从源头开始把每个问题弄清楚(虽然好像没必要,但是这样我比较踏实)
然而,看了不少资料,我想说的一句话是
纸上谈来终觉钱,绝知此事要躬行

无论我看多少资料,不过是种自娱自乐。
没有实践就不知道细节,一切都是纸上谈兵。
我理解不到位的地方,大家多多包涵,希望可以提出来,我们一起学习讨论

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