研究结果和讨论的呈现
1. 结果部分回答以下问题
1） What did I find?
2） What did I not find?
3） What did I find that I was not expecting to find? (e.g. that contradicts my hypotheses)
****讨论和结论一般放在一块，如果结论单独一章，则一般不加任何讨论
2. 如何开始结果部分
1）先总结结果
Overall, the results presented below show that …
The three key results of this empirical study are: …
The following emergent themes were identified from the analysis: …
2）直接讲结果，引入图表
Figure 1 shows the mass spectra obtained from an analysis of the two residues. The first residue reveals a .. (Fig. 1a)
A total of 34 wheat genotypes (Table 1) were screened for … Responses to increased sunlight varied significantly (Figure 1) …
3.结果部分的其他结构，一张一张图表介绍
1. Highlight those results (including those from controls) that answer your research question （可以的话，可以把最重要的结果放在前面）
2. Outline secondary results
3. Give supporting information
4. Mention any results that contradict your hypothesis and explain why they are anomalous
允许写一些不好的结果。
4. 如何描述结果的图表
举例：
S1. *Figure 4 shows the relationship between the numbers of species A and species B.
改写：S2. The abundances of species A and B were inversely related (Figure 4).
1 As can be seen in Figure 1, levels of intolerance were highest during late adolescence.----Levels of intolerance were highest during late adolescence (Figure 1).Avoid phrases such as can be seen and we can see .
2 We can see from Table 2 that in the control group, values for early adolescence (13– 15) were 6.5. On the other hand, values for mid adolescence (16–17) were 6.7.-------Values for early adolescence were lower than for mid adolescence: 6.5 versus 6.7 (Table 2). 别光重复数字，要分析
3 Figure 1 shows that levels of intolerance are 9, 15 and 20 during early, mid and late adolescence, respectively.-----Levels of intolerance are highest during late adolescence (Figure 1). （不需要具体介绍每个结果）
***Another typical mistake is to repeat word for word the caption / legend to your figures and tables within the main text.
5. 包含讨论的结果与讨论的结构
1. Statement of principal findings
2. Strengths and weaknesses of the study
3. Strengths and weaknesses in relation to other studies: important differences in results
4. Meaning of the study: possible explanations and implications for clinicians and policymakers
5. Unanswered questions and future research
6. 如何开始讨论
(1) Remind readers of your goals, preferably in a single sentence: One of the main goals of this experiment was to attempt to find a way to predict who shows more task persistence.
(2) Refer back to the questions (hypotheses, predictions etc.) that you posed in your Introduction:These results both negate and support some of the hypotheses. It was predicted that greater perfectionism scores would result in greater task persistence, but this turned out not to be the case.
(3) Refer back papers you cited in your Review of the Literature: Previous studies conflict with the data presented in the Results: it was more common for any type of feedback to impact participants than no feedback (Shanab et al., 1981; Elawar &Corno, 1985).
(4) Briefly restate the most important points from your Results: While not all of the results were significant, the overall direction of results showed trends that could be helpful to learning about who is more likely to persist and what could influence persistence.
7. 如何结束讨论
当有结论部分时
(a) Tell your readers if and how your findings could be extended to other areas. But you must provide evidence of this. If you repeated your experiment in a different context, would you get the same result?
We only a limited number of samples. A greater number of samples could lead to a higher generalization of our results …
Although this is a small study, the results can be generalized to ...
Our results may hold true for other countries in Asia.
(b) Suggest ways that your hypothesis (model, device etc.) could be improved on.
We have not been able to explain whether x = y. A larger sample would be able to make more accurate predictions.
A greater understanding of our findings could lead to a theoretical improvement in ...
(c) Say if and / or why you ignored some specific areas.
Our research only focuses on x, whereas it might be important to include y as well. In fact, the inclusion of y would enable us to …
We did not pay much attention to ... The reason for this was ...
(d) Admit what you have not been able to do and as a consequence cannot provide conclusions on.
Unfortunately, our database cannot tell the exact scale of Chinese overseas R&D investment.
Consequently we cannot conclude that …
(e) Reiterate your reasons for choosing your topic of investigation in order to convince your readers of the validity of what you have said in the Discussion.
As mentioned in the Introduction, so far no one appears to have applied current knowledge of neural networks to the field of mass marketing fraud. The importance of our results using such networks thus lies both in their generality and their relative ease of application to new areas, such as counterfeit products.
当没有结论部分时
(1) what her findings imply
The attitudinal information from our survey shows that farmers hold cows in very high regard.
(2) what her recommendations are
These results create a positive profile of the caring and respectful attitudes of UK farmers to their stock, and this image should be promoted to the public further recommendation.
(3) how her research could be continued
A 56% response rate suggests the respondents are a good representation of UK stock managers. Further on-farm interviews, observations, and animal-centered tests are needed to confirm the inferences made from the data collected in this postal survey.
8. 如何使得讨论更加出彩
The adjectives can be qualitative (e.g. convincing, exciting, indisputable, undeniable) or quantitative ( huge, massive). Typical powerful nouns that suggest a major step forward are: breakthrough, advance, leap. These adjectives and nouns can also be used in combination (e.g. a substantial insight, a massive advance).
9. 如何讨论研究局限
The important thing is to be (i) honest. try to do so in a positive way
(ii) clear, and, if appropriate. When you outline the limitations, you also need to be clear what these limitations are and what exactly the implications are
(iii) discuss possible remedies
(iv) to say that other authors have experienced similar problems
(v) You can also attribute your limitations to the fact that current knowledge (theo -ries, models, technologies etc.) is unable to resolve the problems you have encountered.
