怎样通过睡眠来强化学习？

Sleep Away Your Bad Attitudes（通过睡眠可以影响你一些固有的观念）

读这些学术性的文章的方法，不要求每个字都懂，重点在于花最少的时间提取重要的信息，读懂文章的观点。

1.看逻辑词：转折，因果等

2.每段开头，掌握每段的重点内容

Generally speaking, you cannot learn from sounds of new information while you sleep, though this was a fad（一时的流行）several decades ago. But in an earlier post, I discussed a new line of research where sleep learning can occur. The key is to play sound cues that were associated with learning that occurred during the previous wakefulness(不眠) period.The explanation I posted was that /cue-dependent sleep learning can work/because a normal function of sleep/is to strengthen memories of new information/and that presenting relevant（相关的）cues during sleep increases the retrieval(读取）of these memories/and makes them accessible for rehearsal and strengthening.（我之前发文的解释，是这样的：依靠提示音的睡眠学习是有效的，因为正常睡眠的功能是加强新知识的记忆。在睡眠时，呈现出相关的提示能增加记忆的读取；并且能让这些记忆，更容易在演练和强化时被连接到。)

The latest experiment by a different group shows that this cuing during sleep can modify bad attitudes and habits. The test involved counter stereotype-training(反对模式化的训练）of certain biased attitudes during wakefulness, and investigators reactivated that counter-training during sleep by playing a sound cue（播放提示音）that had been associated with the wakefulness training.

In the experiment, before a 90-minute nap(小睡), 40 white males and females were trained to counter（对抗训练，反常训练）their existing gender and racial biases by counter-training. A formal surveyed allowed quantification（量化）of each person's level of gender or racial bias before and after counter-training. For example, one bias was that females are not good at math. Subjects were conditioned to have a more favorable attitude about(习惯于对...持更赞同的态度）women and math with counter-training that repeatedly associated female faces with science-related words.

Similarly, racial bias（种族偏见）toward blacks was countered/ by associating black faces with highly positive words(将黑人面孔和高度评价的词语联系在一起）. In each training situation, whenever the subject saw a pairing that was incompatible with（与...不相容） their existing bias they pressed a "correct" button, which yielded a confirmatory sound tone（表达确定的，友好的语气）that was unique for each bias condition. Subjects were immediately tested for their learning by showing a face (female or black) and the counter-training cue, whereupon（于是）they were to drag the appropriate bias-free（无偏见的）face on to a screen with the positive word. For example, if the first test screen was that of a woman, accompanied by the sound cue, the subject dragged a woman's face onto a second screen that said "good at math." Results revealed that this conditioning worked: both kinds of bias were reduced immediately after counter-conditioning.（通过重复训练来影响，塑造）//一个实验

Then during the nap, as soon as EEG（脑电图扫描器）signs indicated the presence of deep sleep, the appropriate（适当的）sound cue was played repeatedly to reactivate（重新激活）the prior learning. When subjects re-took the bias survey a week later, the social bias was reduced in the sound-cued group, but（转折词）not in the control group（实验对照组）that was trained without sound cues./实验结果，两组的对比

Experimenters noted that the long-term improvement of bias was associated with rapid-eye-movement (dream) sleep（REM快速眼动，做梦）/which often followed the deep sleep during early stages of the nap. That is, the beneficial effect was proportional to the amount of nap time /spent in both slow-wave sleep and REM sleep, not either alone. (有益的效果与慢波睡眠和快速眼动睡眠是成正比的，而不是与其中的一个,)It may be that memories are reactivated by cuing during deep (slow-wave) sleep, but that the actual cell-level storage of memory is provided by REM sleep.

Implications of this approach /to enhancing learning and memory /show a great deal of promise.（这种强化学习和记忆的方法在未来的可能性，展现出了非常大的前景）Can it be used for enhancing learning in school? Can it be used in rehabilitation of addicts or criminals? But there is a dark side. Now might be a good time to re-read Huxley's Brave New World wherein he actually described conditioning values in young children/while they slept. Sleep is a state where people are mentally vulnerable（精神上容易受伤害） and without conscious control over their thoughts.Malevolent people could impose this kind of conditioning and memory enhancement on others for nefarious（=evil）purposes.（恶毒的人可能会为了一些邪恶的目的，用这种（睡眠中学习）的训练、强化记忆的方式，来强行灌输给其他人（观念，价值观））These techniques may have valid social engineering applications, but they must be guided by ethical considerations.

词汇

Fad:一时的流行

Passing Fad:昙花一现的时尚

Cue = reminder:提示，线索引子

Relevant = related:相关的

Accessible = available:可连接的，能够被利用的

Available:可用的，可以得到的。空闲的，单身的

Rehearsal:排练

Counter:反击 反驳

Counter conditioning/ counter training:对抗训练 反常训练。和基本常识相反的

Quantification:量化

Yield:长处

Confirmatory:确定的，肯定的

A great deal of:大量的，很大的

Promise:前景 前途

Venerable:脆弱的

Malevolent:恶毒的 坏心肠的

Malicious:恶毒的 恶意的

Malign:诋毁诽谤； 恶意的

Malignant:恶性的；恶意的

Impose:强行，强加 impose sth on sb利用权威，强加观念，规则

Nefarious:邪恶的，不道德的

Not available

1.填表格NA,信息不可用；

2.拒绝别人的搭讪，有男票，i am not  available.

3.找老师问问题，老师可能会说，我星期五有空。i would be available in Friday.