2024年展览(41):南博院常设展——江苏历史文明
南博院历史馆常设展是“江苏历史文明”。
一、天地造化史前神韵:先史时代
35万年前,南京猿人的出现,揭开了江苏大地人类活动的序幕,此后,江苏古代人类筚路蓝缕、披荆斩棘、生存繁衍,创造了富有地域特色的旧石器文化。
进入新石器时代,8000年前,江苏土地上的先民们已经开始了定居生活。
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6000年前,稻作农业得到了长足的发展,初步奠定了史前文化的坚实基础,家畜饲养、制陶治玉、纺织髹漆,石器加工全面进步,物质财富逐渐丰富,人口数量不断增加,聚落规模迅速扩大,社会阶层显著分化,组织结构日趋复杂,文化面貌特征鲜明。最终,文明时代到来的标志——古城古国应运而生。
二、方国风云吴越春秋:青銅器時代
公元前21世纪﹣公元前221年
夏商周,是中国的青铜时代也是中国历史上国家形成并逐渐成熟的阶段。
江苏地区也逐步出现早期国家方国,徐、钟吾、郯、干、宜等夷系方国与吴、越、奄等越系方国,在与中原王朝不断碰撞、交融的过程中,创造了特色鲜明的地域文化。
商代,太湖地区、宁镇地区土著文化的兴盛,昭示着江苏地区早期国家的萌动。进入西周,武进淹城、姜堰天目山、邳州梁王城等众多文化遗存,凸现出多国林立的时代特征和地域文化的鲜明个性。
春秋中晚期,周室衰微,诸侯争霸。吴国"南服於越、西破强楚,北威齐晋",黄池会盟,称霸诸侯。
越国不甘失败,卧薪尝胆,"十年生聚,十年教训",在战国初年消灭吴国,并迁都北上,成为天下霸主。
吴越尊周、交通列国,江苏地区的地域文化逐步融入华夏文明之中。
三、郡国华章汉家故里:秦漢時代
秦朝末年,义军纷起,反抗秦室暴政,逐渐形成以项羽和刘邦为首的两大势力。秦亡,项羽自号西楚霸王,封刘邦为汉王。此后,经过四年"楚汉之争",刘邦建立了统一的汉朝,吸取秦亡教训,实行分封与郡县并举的政策,开启了两汉四百年的恢宏历史,奠定了统一多民族国家的基础。
作为汉高祖刘邦的故乡和"龙兴之地",江苏北部地区经济发达,政治地位显赫,先后分封了荆、吴、楚、江都、广陵、泗水、彭城、下邳等重要的诸侯王国。江苏两汉时期的城址、村落遗址、墓葬等文化遗存尤为丰富。在这些文化遗存中,以诸侯王陵最为突出。高邮天山广陵王陵、徐州狮子山楚王陵、肝台大云山江都王陵等陵墓,出土了大量珍贵文物,堪称汉代文化宝库。
四、江东风流六朝迭兴:六朝時代
公元三至六世纪,吴、宋、齐、梁、陈六国相继在南京建都,史称"六抵巴蜀,东临沧海,相对北方地区的战争频仍,经济窒息,文化衰退,六朝则社会较为稳定,北方士人和劳动民众大量南迁江南经济得到进一步开发,逐渐赶上并超过黄河流域,中国经济重心南移。
六朝时期科学、技术、思想、艺术诸领域皆取得辉煌成就,在汉末战乱里濒于毁灭的汉文化传统得以保存和发展,开创了风采绰约、意义深远的六朝文化。
五:隋唐時代
隋的统一,为唐的繁荣作好了全方位的准备。盛世大唐,三百余年,经济繁荣昌盛,文化兴旺发达,百姓安居乐业,社会朝气蓬勃,国家活力四射。不仅洋溢着刚健有为、奋发向上的精神风貌,而且展现出兼容并蓄、自信大度的宽阔胸怀。海上和陆路丝绸之路的通畅,促进了中外贸易往来和文化交流,使唐朝成为东亚文明圈的核心和全球范围内最为富强的国家。
唐代江苏,农业生产稳步发展,成为全国最大的粮食输出地。大运河的开凿,加速了经济中心的南移,商品经济空前繁荣,手工艺品日益精巧,城市生活繁华似锦。盐城、泰州已成为东南沿海重要的盐业生产中心,设有盐城监、海陵监等机构,每岁煮盐达百余万石。扬州成为全国最繁华的工商业城市,经济地位超过了长安、洛阳,享有"天下之盛,扬为首"的说法。
六、江淮多姿宋元气象:宋元時代
宋朝结束了长期群雄割据的局面,政治开明,社会矛盾缓解,工商业兴盛,文化科技发达,社会步入了新的发展时期。
南宋时,扬州成为控扼江淮的军事要地,江南地区社会相对安定,成为全国的经济重心。稻麦两熟制推广,粮食产量远超前朝,时谚有云:"苏湖熟,天下足"。丝麻棉业生产逐渐专业化,髹漆工艺不断提升,商品远销海外。
江南地区出现了以苏州、江宁为代表的手工业重镇和新兴商业中心。
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镇江位于长江和大运河的交汇点,是江南运河的起点,承担着太湖和钱塘江地区漕粮、贡赋的中转重任,成为南北要冲。城市人口大增,商人地位提高,市民阶层出现,市井生活多彩多姿。
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元代,扬州是"十二省治所之一",苏州、南京和松江成为全国的丝织业和棉纺业中心,仅南京城内的丝织工匠就多达两万人。文人书画艺术勃兴,出现了黄公望、倪璜等一代大师,影响深远。
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七、盛世江南明清辉煌:明清時代
明清时期、江苏社会经济空前发展。市镇兴起,人口众多,交通便利,繁荣、农业、水利、丝棉纺织业和制盐业等均处于全国的领先地位,货币雇佣关系大量出现,资本主义生产关系初见端倪,苏州、南京、扬州成为全国最繁兴。最富有的城市。
经济的发展带来了科技,学术、文学、艺术的繁荣,明清时期,南京的城墙、宫殿,寺庙和江南园林等建筑技术及造船业居于全国前列。江苏成为全国的书画中心,名家辈出,精品纷呈,领袖画坛,文学创作鼎盛,涌现出施耐庵,吴承恩,曹雪芹等一代大师,江苏还是全国工艺中心之一,南京云锦、宜兴紫砂、扬州漆器、苏州玉器、刺绣等领全国之风骚,江苏还涌现出杰出的航海家,科学家和大学者,他们灿若星辰,辉耀于古代文明史的星空。
明清时期是中国封建社会发展的最后阶段和高峰,而江苏则是这个高峰的代表。其时,江苏经济繁盛,文化鼎兴,有"盛世江南"之美誉。
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