1.tr

0.简述

tr是一个简单的替换命令，从标准输入中替换、缩减或删除字符，并将结果写到标准输出。
此外，tr命令实现的所有功能使用sed均可实现。

1.查看tr命令类型

[root@centos6 ~]# type tr
tr is /usr/bin/tr

2.tr为外部命令，使用tr --help或man tr查看常见命令参数

[root@centos6 ~]# tr --help
Usage: tr [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2]
Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input,
writing to standard output.

  -c, -C, --complement    use the complement of SET1
  -d, --delete            delete characters in SET1, do not translate
  -s, --squeeze-repeats   replace each input sequence of a repeated character
                        that is listed in SET1 with a single occurrence
                        of that character
  -t, --truncate-set1     first truncate SET1 to length of SET2
      --help     display this help and exit
      --version  output version information and exit

SETs are specified as strings of characters.  Most represent themselves.
Interpreted sequences are:

  \NNN            character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits)
  \\              backslash
  \a              audible BEL
  \b              backspace
  \f              form feed
  \n              new line
  \r              return
  \t              horizontal tab
  \v              vertical tab
  CHAR1-CHAR2     all characters from CHAR1 to CHAR2 in ascending order
  [CHAR*]         in SET2, copies of CHAR until length of SET1
  [CHAR*REPEAT]   REPEAT copies of CHAR, REPEAT octal if starting with 0
  [:alnum:]       all letters and digits
  [:alpha:]       all letters
  [:blank:]       all horizontal whitespace
  [:cntrl:]       all control characters
  [:digit:]       all digits
  [:graph:]       all printable characters, not including space
  [:lower:]       all lower case letters
  [:print:]       all printable characters, including space
  [:punct:]       all punctuation characters
  [:space:]       all horizontal or vertical whitespace
  [:upper:]       all upper case letters
  [:xdigit:]      all hexadecimal digits
  [=CHAR=]        all characters which are equivalent to CHAR

3.常用功能展示，以/etc/passwd文件前10行进行试验

[root@centos6 ~]# head /etc/passwd > /tmp/test.txt
[root@centos6 ~]# cat /tmp/test.txt
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/sbin/nologin

3.1将换行符“\n”用“|”替换

[root@centos6 ~]# cat /tmp/test.txt | tr "\n" "|"
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash|bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin|daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin|adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin|lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin|sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync|shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown|halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt|mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin|uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/sbin/nologin|

3.2删除多余的空行(已经预先在/tmp/test.txt中插入两个空行)

[root@centos6 ~]# cat /tmp/test.txt 
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin


daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/sbin/nologin
[root@centos6 ~]# cat /tmp/test.txt | tr -s '\n'
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/sbin/nologin

3.3删除指定字符

[root@centos6 ~]# cat /tmp/test.txt 
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/sbin/nologin
[root@centos6 ~]# cat /tmp/test.txt | tr -d '[a-z].'
::0:0::/://
::1:1::/://
::2:2::/://
::3:4:://://
::4:7::///://
::5:0::/://
::6:0::/://
::7:0::/://
::8:12::///://
::10:14::///://
[root@centos6 ~]# cat /tmp/test.txt | tr -dc '[a-z].'
rootxrootrootbinbashbinxbinbinsbinnologindaemonxdaemonsbinsbinnologinadmxadmvaradmsbinnologinlpxlpvarspoollpdsbinnologinsyncxsyncsbinbinsyncshutdownxshutdownsbinsbinshutdownhaltxhaltsbinsbinhaltmailxmailvarspoolmailsbinnologinoperatorxoperatorrootsbinnologin

3.4大小写字符转换

[root@centos6 ~]# cat /tmp/test.txt
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/sbin/nologin
[root@centos6 ~]# cat /tmp/test.txt | tr '[a-z]' '[A-Z]'
ROOT:X:0:0:ROOT:/ROOT:/BIN/BASH
BIN:X:1:1:BIN:/BIN:/SBIN/NOLOGIN
DAEMON:X:2:2:DAEMON:/SBIN:/SBIN/NOLOGIN
ADM:X:3:4:ADM:/VAR/ADM:/SBIN/NOLOGIN
LP:X:4:7:LP:/VAR/SPOOL/LPD:/SBIN/NOLOGIN
SYNC:X:5:0:SYNC:/SBIN:/BIN/SYNC
SHUTDOWN:X:6:0:SHUTDOWN:/SBIN:/SBIN/SHUTDOWN
HALT:X:7:0:HALT:/SBIN:/SBIN/HALT
MAIL:X:8:12:MAIL:/VAR/SPOOL/MAIL:/SBIN/NOLOGIN
UUCP:X:10:14:UUCP:/VAR/SPOOL/UUCP:/SBIN/NOLOGIN

3.5字符串去重

[root@centos6 ~]# cat /tmp/test.txt
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/sbin/nologin
[root@centos6 ~]# cat /tmp/test.txt | tr -s '[a-z]'
rot:x:0:0:rot:/rot:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spol/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spol/mail:/sbin/nologin
ucp:x:10:14:ucp:/var/spol/ucp:/sbin/nologin