Java 核心技术

Spring Boot常用注解(三) - 实现Java配置的注解

2020-02-12  本文已影响0人  cbw100

1. 概述

Spring Boot推荐使用java配置完全代替XML配置,java配置是通过@Configration和@Bean注解实现的

2. @Bean注解

@Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
public @interface Bean {
    // name的别名
    @AliasFor("name")
    String[] value() default {};

    @AliasFor("value")
    String[] name() default {};

    /**
     * 是否通过名称name或类型type来注入依赖项,Autowire.NO表示外部驱动的自动装配
     * Autowire.BY_NAME
     * Autowire.BY_TYPE
     */
    Autowire autowire() default Autowire.NO;

    /**
     * 初始方法
     * @see org.springframework.beans.factory.InitializingBean
     * @see org.springframework.context.ConfigurableApplicationContext#refresh()
     */
    String initMethod() default "";

    /**
     * Spring上下文关闭时调用
     * @see org.springframework.beans.factory.DisposableBean
     * @see org.springframework.context.ConfigurableApplicationContext#close()
     */
    String destroyMethod() default AbstractBeanDefinition.INFER_METHOD;
}
  1. @Bean注解作用在方法上
  2. @Bean指示一个方法返回一个Spring容器管理的Bean
  3. @Bean方法名与返回类名一致,首字母小写
  4. @Bean 一般和 @Component或者@Configuration 一起使用
  5. @Bean注解默认作用域为单例singleton作用域,可通过@Scope(“prototype”)设置为原型作用域

2.1 Bean名称

1.默认Bean名称

默认Bean名称为 - myBean

@Bean
public MyBean myBean() {
    return new MyBean();
}
2.设置Bean名称

设置的Bean名称为 - myBean1

@Bean("myBean1")
public MyBean myBean() {
    return new MyBean();
}
3.设置多个Bean名称

设置的Bean的名称为 - myBean1和myBean2

@Bean({"myBean1", "myBean2"})
public MyBean myBean() {
    return new MyBean();
}

2.2 @Bean与其他注解一起使用

@Bean注解没有提供profile,scope,lazy,depends-on或primary的属性,相反,@Bean注解应该与@Scope、@Lazy,@DependsOn和@link Primary注解一起使用来声明这些语义

@Bean()
@Scope("prototype")
public MyBean myBean() {
    return new MyBean();
}

2.3 Bean的初始化和销毁

实际开发中,经常会遇到在Bean使用之前或使用之后做些必要的操作,Spring对Bean的生命周期的操作提供了支持

public class MyBean {

    public void init() {
        System.out.println("MyBean开始初始化...");
    }

    public void destroy() {
        System.out.println("MyBean销毁...");
    }

    public String get() {
        return "MyBean使用...";
    }
}
@Bean(initMethod="init", destroyMethod="destroy")
@Scope("prototype")
public MyBean myBean() {
    return new MyBean();
}

3. @Configration注解

Spring提供了@Configration注解,可以用来配置多个Bean

@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
@Component
public @interface Configuration {

    @AliasFor(annotation = Component.class)
    String value() default "";
}
  1. @Configration注解作用在类、接口(包含注解)上
  2. @Configuration用于定义配置类,可替换xml配置文件
  3. @Configration注解类中可以声明一个或多个@Bean方法
  4. @Configration注解作用的类不能是final类型
  5. 嵌套的@Configration类必须是static的

3.1 @Configration + @Bean注解

功能类的Bean:

此处没有使用@Service等注解声明Bean

public class MyBean {

    public void init() {
        System.out.println("MyBean开始初始化...");
    }

    public void destroy() {
        System.out.println("MyBean销毁...");
    }

    public String get() {
        return "MyBean使用...";
    }
}
@Configuration
public class MyConfigration {

    @Bean(initMethod="init", destroyMethod="destroy")
    @Scope("prototype")
    public MyBean myBean() {
        return new MyBean();
    }
}
@SpringBootApplication
@RestController
public class DemoApplication {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ConfigurableApplicationContext context = SpringApplication.run(DemoApplication.class, args);

        MyBean myBean1 = (MyBean) context.getBean("myBean");
        System.out.println(myBean1.toString());

        System.out.println();

        MyBean myBean2 = (MyBean) context.getBean("myBean");
        System.out.println(myBean2.toString());
    }
}

测试结果:

2018-02-10 10:58:12.301  INFO 11068 --- [           main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer  : Tomcat started on port(s): 8090 (http) with context path ''
2018-02-10 10:58:12.321  INFO 11068 --- [           main] com.example.demo.DemoApplication         : Started DemoApplication in 7.233 seconds (JVM running for 8.628)
MyBean开始初始化...
com.example.demo.chapter1.useannotation.configration.MyBean@3b545206

MyBean开始初始化...
com.example.demo.chapter1.useannotation.configration.MyBean@77bb48d5

3.2 @Configration + @Bean + Environment

通过使用@Autowired}注释将org.springframework.core.env.Environment注入 @Configuration类,可以查找外部值:

public class MyBean {
    private String port;

    public String get() {
        return "端口号: " + getPort();
    }

    public String getPort() {
        return port;
    }

    public void setPort(String port) {
        this.port = port;
    }
}
@Configuration
public class MyConfig {

    @Autowired
    private Environment environment;

    @Bean("myEnvBean")
    public MyBean myBean() {
        MyBean myBean = new MyBean();
        myBean.setPort(environment.getProperty("server.port", "8080"));
        return myBean;
    }
}
@SpringBootApplication
@RestController
public class DemoApplication {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ConfigurableApplicationContext context = SpringApplication.run(DemoApplication.class, args);

        MyBean myEnvBean = (MyBean) context.getBean("myEnvBean");
        System.out.println(myEnvBean.get());
    }
}

测试结果:

2018-02-10 11:24:47.492  INFO 2788 --- [           main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer  : Tomcat started on port(s): 8090 (http) with context path ''
2018-02-10 11:24:47.505  INFO 2788 --- [           main] com.example.demo.DemoApplication         : Started DemoApplication in 7.76 seconds (JVM running for 8.712)
端口号: 8090

3.3 @Configration + @Bean + Environment + @PropertySource

@PropertySource注解可以读取自定义的properties配置文件,自定义的properties文件放在src/main/resources文件路径下


2019102608.png

配置文件:app.properties

jdbc.username="admin"
jdbc.password="admin"
2019102609.png
public class MyBean {
    private String userName;

    private String passWord;

    public MyBean(String userName, String passWord) {
        this.userName = userName;
        this.passWord = passWord;
    }

    public String get() {
        return "用户名:  " + this.userName + ",  密码 : " + this.passWord;
    }
}

配置文件路径:@PropertySource(“classpath:properties/app.properties”)

@Configuration
@PropertySource("classpath:properties/app.properties")
public class MyPropertySourceConfigration {

    @Autowired
    private Environment environment;

    @Bean("myPSBean")
    public MyBean myBean() {
        MyBean myBean = new MyBean(environment.getProperty("jdbc.username", "请设置用户名"), environment.getProperty("jdbc.password", "请设置密码"));
        return myBean;
    }
}
@SpringBootApplication
@RestController
public class DemoApplication {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ConfigurableApplicationContext context = SpringApplication.run(DemoApplication.class, args);

        MyBean myEnvBean = (MyBean) context.getBean("myPSBean");
        System.out.println(myEnvBean.get());
    }
}

测试结果:

2018-02-10 17:18:38.670  INFO 2204 --- [           main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer  : Tomcat started on port(s): 8090 (http) with context path ''
2018-02-10 17:18:38.703  INFO 2204 --- [           main] com.example.demo.DemoApplication         : Started DemoApplication in 7.4 seconds (JVM running for 8.339)
用户名:  "admin",  密码 : "admin"

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