《语法俱乐部》| 第二十一章：简化从句练习

句子简化的原则：一、对等从句中，重复主语或动词择一省略；二、从属从句中，省略主语与be动词两个部分，留下补语。

例1：

句1：The patient had not responded to the standard treatment.

句2：This fact greatly puzzled the medical team.

这里句2中的this fact就是句1中的内容，经过这里的联系可以把两句联合起来：

The patient had not responded to the standard treatment, which greatly puzzled the medical team.

这里是有which的话，容易指代不明，可以当做是the fact还可以当做是前一句的the stand treatment，不妨改成名词从句：

That the patient had not responded to the standard treatment greatly puzzled the medical team.

这个句子依然不够精简，我们使用简化通用三原则来看一下：1.有be动词的省略be动词；2.有助动词的改写成to V；3.除此以外的动词一律加上-ing保留。

that引导的名词从句中，动词是had not responded属于第三种情况，所以改写成：not having responded，原来的主语改成所有格：

The patient's not having responded to the standard treatment greatly puzzled the medical team.

例2：

句1：The summer tourists are all gone.

句2：The resort town has resumed its air of tranquillity.

这两句没有元素间的重复，但是逻辑上是有关联的，加入now that以后改成：

Now that the summer tourists are all gone, the resort town has resumed its air of tranquillity.

连接词now that可以改写成with：

With the summer tourists all gone, the resort town has resumed its air of tranquillity.

例3：

句1：Confucius must have written on pieces of bamboo.

句2：Confucius lived in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.

句3：Paper was not available until the Eastern Han Dynasty.

句1和句2经由Confucius建立联系：

Confucius, who lived in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, must have written on pieces of bamboo.

简化：

Confucius, living in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, must have written on pieces of bamboo.

句3标识原因，我们加入连接词because后，形成合句：

Confucius, living in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, must have written on pieces of bamboo, because paper was not available until the Eastern Han Dynasty.

由于because后面引导的从句主语同主句的主语不同，不能省略，我们只能省略掉be动词was，将动词变成-ing形式，副词从句中必须要有分词配合，这里就需要加入being：

Confucius, living in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, must have written on pieces of bamboo, paper being not available until the Eastern Han Dynasty.

例4：

句1：The movable-type press was invented by Gutenberg.

句2：The movable-type press was introduced to England in 1482.

句3：This event marked the end of the Dark Ages there.

句1和句2中the movable-type press是重复的内容，建立联系：

The movable-type press, which was invented by Gutenberg, was introduced to England in 1482.

简化后：

The movable-type press, invented by Gutenberg, was introduced to England in 1482.

句3中的this event就是前两句话的整个内容，我们用which作连接词：

The movable-type press, invented by Gutenberg, was introduced to England in 1482，an event which marked the end of the Dark Ages there.

进一步简化为：

The movable-type press, invented by Gutenberg, was introduced to England in 1482， marking the end of the Dark Ages there.

例5：

句1：Ben Kook was educated in an art college.

句2：Ben Kook acts unusual at times.

句3：Ben Kook deals with economic matters at these times.

句1和句2之间的因果联系构成一个合句：

Because he was educated in an art college. Ben Kook acts unusual at times.

简化连接词主语和be动词以后：

Educated in an art college, Ben Kook acts unusual at times.

简化后的句子和句3联系的点在于at these times，经过这个交叉点我们使用when连接词：

Educated in an art college, Ben Kook acts unusual (at times) when he deal with economic matters.

程前省却了at times，这时候简化的时候就要将when保留：

Educated in an art college, Ben Kook acts unusual when dealing with economic matters.

例6：

句1：I'd like something.

句2：You will meet some people.

句3: Then you can leave.

句1中的something就是整个句2的内容，连接在一起：

I'd like that you will meet some people.

简化：

I'd like you to meet some people.

句3是表示时间的，加上以后：

I'd like you to meet some people before you can leave.

这个句子在进一步简化形成：

I'd like you to meet some people before leaving.

例7：

句1：I have not practiced very much.

句2：I should have practiced very much.

句3：I am worried about something.

句4：I might forget something.

句5：What should I say during the speech contest?

句1和句2可以经由比较级as……as连接：

I have not practiced as much as I should. (have practiced)

这正是句3我担心的原因：

Because I have not practiced as much as I should, I am worried about something.

简化为：

Not having practiced as much as I should, I am worried about something.

这个句子中担心的something正是句4中可能忘记的something，由于上句的something放在介词about后面必须先改写成about the possibility，然后在加入that连接词：

Not having practiced as much as I should, I am worried (about the possibility) that I might forget something.

简化that从句：

Not having practiced as much as I should, I am worried about forgetting something.

现在这个句子所担心的something，就是句5中的演讲比赛该说些什么，加入到上一句中替代something的位置：

Not having practiced as much as I should, I am worried about forgetting what I should say during the speech contest.

最后简化what从句：

Not having practiced as much as I should, I am worried about forgetting what to say during the speech contest.

例8：

句1：A. Fries was the leader of the College football team then.

句2：A. Fries is the director of a football club now.

句3：A. Fries saw something.

句4：The college football team lost in the important game.

句5：A. Fries offered something.

句6：He would assume responsibility.

句7：He would tender his resignation.

要逐步完成这7个句子的组合和简化是一个不小的挑战，我们一步一步的来：

句1和句2对仗工整，分别说明Fries现在和以前的身份，我们使用对等连接词连接：

（A）A. Fries was the leader of the College football team then and he is the director of a football now.

and右边的he is可以省略，因为说的是同一个人。

我们再来看看句3和句4的组合，Fries看到一件事，正是句4的全部内容：

（B）A. Fries saw that the College football team lost in the important game.

这里的that引导的从句的主语不同于主句的主语，省略的时候我们使用所有格：

A. Fries saw the College football team's loss in the important game.

然后我们再来看看句5和句6的组合，句5中Fries提出的something就是句6，他愿意承担责任：

A. Fries offered that he would assume responsibility.

简化后：

A. Fries offered to assume responsibility.

我们现在加入变形后的句A，将A.Fries提出来用作主语：

A. Fries , who was the leader of the College football team then and the director of a football club now, offered to assume responsibility.

这里的主语who和be动词was可以简化省略掉。上一句的Fries要负责，是由于句B的内容，我们加入句B:

Because he saw the College football team's loss in the important game, A Fries, the leader of the College football team then and the director of a football club now, offered to assume responsibility.

简化because从句为：

Seeing the College football team's loss in the important game, A Fries, the leader of the College football team then and the director of a football club now, offered to assume responsibility.

我们还有句7没有加入进去，提出辞呈是assume的方式，最佳的介词短语是使用by，不过由于by是介词后面必须跟名词，我们的动词也要作一定的改变：

Seeing the College football team's loss in the important game, A Fries, the leader of the College football team then and the director of a football club now, offered to assume responsibility by tendering his resignation.

大功告成！