拉取镜像：

docker pull mysql:5.7

[root@iZm5eeq7orgtvuxpgma2f4Z docker]# docker images
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
mysql               5.7                 b84d68d0a7db        21 hours ago        448MB
[root@iZm5eeq7orgtvuxpgma2f4Z docker]# 

如果不知道镜像上是否有自己想要的版本，请访问网址：https://hub.docker.com/

启动镜像

docker run -p 3306:3306 --restart=always --name mysql -v /dockerDateSet/mysql/conf:/etc/mysql/conf.d
 -v /dockerDateSet/mysql/logs:/logs
 -v /dockerDateSet/mysql/data:/var/lib/mysql
 -e MYSQL_ROOT_PWD=123456 -d mysql:5.7

--restart=always docker重启容器自动重启
-p 指定端口映射，格式为：主机(宿主)端口:容器端口
--name 为容器指定一个名称
-v 绑定一个卷
-e 设置环境变量
-d 后台运行容器，并返回容器ID

查看容器

[root@iZm5eeq7orgtvuxpgma2f4Z ~]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS                               NAMES
2451d18a726c        mysql:5.7           "docker-entrypoint.s…"   About an hour ago   Up About an hour    0.0.0.0:3306->3306/tcp, 33060/tcp   mysql

进入容器

[root@iZm5eeq7orgtvuxpgma2f4Z ~]# docker exec -it 2451d18a726c /bin/bash
root@2451d18a726c:/# ls
bin  boot  dev  docker-entrypoint-initdb.d  entrypoint.sh  etc  home  lib  lib64  logs  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var

进入mysql

root@2451d18a726c:/# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password: 
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 173
Server version: 5.7.30 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql>show databases
    -> ;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)