分分钟搞定托福阅读之段落主要内容

本文由启德国际教育规划院 Ruth老师原创，转载请注明出处

上次Ruth老师给大家分享了一篇关于如何解决托福阅读篇章结构的文章（没看过的同学可翻到文末阅读推荐），但是托福阅读只了解篇章结构是不能解决所有问题的，因为很多问题是需要在每个段落的具体内容中找到，所以今天我们就来说说说文章段落的结构规律，话不多说，咱们直接进入主题。

段落结构的规律是“TS+D”

TS:即topic sentence 主旨句，表达段落的主旨。

D:即detail 细节，为了说明段落主旨，所罗列的相关支持内容。

主旨句一般在段落的开头或结尾句群（也就是前1-2句或者是倒数1-2句）；细节又可以由explanation/elaboration/example/evaluation等组成，当然每个段落不一定这四项都有，或许只有example，或许是explanation+example，也或许是elaboration+example等等。同时在读每个段落的细节部分的时候，需要注意一些标志词，比如：first, second, third...，on the one hand...on the other hand...,some...others...

接下来，我们一起在文章中看看这一规律的可靠性吧。

还是以TPO21-1 Geothermal Energy为例，我们在上次篇章结构的基础上，把段落主要内容补充完整。

TPO21-1 Geothermal Energy原文

【1】Earth's internal heat, fueled by radioactivity, provides the energy for plate tectonics andcontinental drift, mountain building, andearthquakes. It can also be harnessed to drive electricgenerators and heat homes. Geothermal energy becomes available in a practical form whenunderground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through a subsurface regionof hot rocks (a heat reservoir) that may be hundreds or thousands of feet deep. The water isusually naturally occurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures in the rock; lesstypically, the water is artificially introduced by being pumped down from the surface. The water isbrought to the surface, as a liquid or steam, through holes drilled for the purpose.

第一段：介绍地热能，是并列的论证段落。

1.地热能的来源及应用（注意第2句的also）

2.地热能被利用的过程

【2】By far the most abundant form of geothermal energy occurs at the relatively lowtemperatures of 80° to 180° centigrade. Water circulated through heat reservoirs in thistemperature range is able to extract enough heat to warm residential, commercial, andindustrial spaces. More than 20,000 apartments in France are now heated by warm undergroundwater drawn from a heat reservoir in a geologic structure near Paris called the Paris Basin. Iceland sits on a volcanic structure known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Reykjavik, the capital ofIceland, is entirely heated by geothermal energy derived from volcanic heat.

【3】Geothermal reservoirs with temperatures above 180° centigrade are useful for generatingelectricity. They occur primarily in regions of recent volcanic activity as hot, dry rock; naturalhot water; or natural steam. The latter two sources are limited to those few areas where surfacewater seeps down through underground faults or fractures to reach deep rocks heated by therecent activity of molten rock material. The world's largest supply of natural steam occurs atThe Geysers, 120 kilometers north of San Francisco, California. In the 1990s enough electricity tomeet about half the needs of San Francisco was being generated there. This facility was then inits third decade of production and was beginning to show signs of decline, perhaps because ofover development. By the late 1990s some 70 geothermal electric-generating plants were inoperation in California, Utah, Nevada, and Hawaii, generating enough power to supply about amillion people. Eighteen countries now generate electricity using geothermal heat.

第二、三段：地热能的利用

第二段：地热能用于取暖；

1.最丰富的地热能形式介于80到180摄氏度（引出新的论述点）。

2.在此温度范围内的热储内循环的水可以用于取暖。

3.列举如何利用地热能（讨论范围的缩小-暗示举例）

第三段：地热能用于发电

1.温度高于180摄氏度的地热储集层可用来发电（引出新的论述点）。

2.这类地热储集层所在的主要地区及三种主要形式。

3.就最后一种形式进行举例并说明其问题（概念由抽象到具体-举例）。

4.地热能发电应用范围依然很广。

【4】Extracting heat from very hot, dry rocks presents a more difficult problem: the rocks mustbe fractured to permit the circulation of water, and the water must be provided artificially. Therocks are fractured by water pumped down at very high pressures. Experiments are under wayto develop technologies for exploiting this resource.

【5】Like most other energy sources, geothermal energy presents some environmentalproblems. The surface of the ground can sink if hot groundwater is withdrawn without beingreplaced. In addition, water heated geothermally can contain salts and toxic materialsdissolved from the hot rock. These waters present a disposal problem if they are not returnedto the ground from which they were removed.

第四、五段：地热能所产生的问题

第四段：地热能的开发所面临的问题

1.一个更大的难题：岩石需要裂缝才能让水流通，且水必须是人工提供的（引出新的论点）。

2.解决难题的方法：通过泵入高压水可以将岩石断裂；此实验正在进行之中。

第五段：地热能的开发所产生的环境问题

1.地热能具有一些环境问题（引出新的论点）。

2.如果抽取地下热水而又不泵回，地表就会下沉。

3.地热加热的水含有从热岩中溶出的盐分和有毒物质，将会产生处理方面的问题。

（2.3都是对1的列举论述）

【6】The contribution of geothermal energy to the world's energy future is difficult to estimate. Geothermal energy is in a sense not renewable, because in most cases the heat would be drawnout of a reservoir much more rapidly than it would be replaced by the very slow geologicalprocesses by which heat flows through solid rock into a heat reservoir. However, in many places (for example, California, Hawaii, the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, the rift valleys of Africa)theresource is potentially so large that its future will depend on the economics of production. Atpresent, we can make efficient use of only naturally occurring hot water or steam deposits. Although the potential is enormous, it is likely that in the near future geothermal energy canmake important local contributions only where the resource is close to the user and theeconomics are favorable, as they are in California, New Zealand, and Iceland. Geothermalenergy probably will not make large-scale contributions to the world energy budget until wellinto the twenty-first century, if ever.

第六段：地热能开发利用的前景

1.地热能对世界能源未来的贡献是难以估量的。

2.地热能在某种意义上讲是不可再生的，并解释为何不可再生。

3.转折说很多地区地热能储量很大。

4.再转折：利用地热能形式有限，所以地热能只能做出局部贡献。

5.做出预测：估计要到二十一世纪才能对世界的能源预算做出大的贡献。

（2-5对1展开论述）

这样的分析之后，你是否发现其实这篇文章是不是已经完全被你拿下了？在分析段落主要内容的过程中，哪怕有生词难句，我们也都可以进行猜测，实现快速准确的阅读。不仅如此，这样的分析，还可以帮你训练良好的写作思路，你想想，在独立写作的主题论述段落，我们是不是完全可以模仿这样的结构，使你的作文取得高分啊！试着去用一下吧！

（来自：被知识和兴趣压弯了眼睛的百变超人）