Notes on English Grammar: Pronou

2023-09-29  本文已影响0人  述而斋

1. 人称代词、物主代词和反身代词

(1)各种不同人称的代词、物主代词(包括形容词以及反身代词列表如下:

人称代词 物主代词 反身代词
主格 宾格 形容词性 名词性
I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its itself
we us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves

(2) 人称代词的用法

1) 人称代词的主格作主语。例如:
I like fishing. (我爱钓鱼。)
We went to the pictures last night. (昨晚我们去看了电影。)
2)在正式文体中,人称代词的主格作表语。例如:
It's I. (是我。)
但这种用法在现代英语中已极为罕见,一般都用人称代词的宾格,在口语中尤其如此。例如:
It's me. (是我。)
It was him. (是他。)
在强调句型中,作为表语的人称代词跟有关系分句并在分句中作主语时,应用主格。例如:
It was she who decided to go. (决定去的是她。)
It's they who are to blame. (该负责的是他们。)
3) 人称代词的宾格作动词的直接宾语或前置词的宾语。

(3) 物主代词的用法

1) 形容词性物主代词起形容词的作用。例如:
my sisther (我的妹妹)
his books (他的书)
their friends (他们的朋友)
形容词性物主代词可以和 own 连用,以加强语气。例如:
That is his own house. (那是他自己的房子。)
I mind my own business. (我不管别人的闲事。)
这种结构还可以和 of 连用,构成 of 的前置词组。例如:
I have money of my own*. (我有我自己的钱。)
For reasons of my own, I am haveing nothing to do with it. (由于我自己的原因,我将与此事无关。)
2) 名词性物主代词用以代替“形容词性物主代词 + 名词”。例如:
Ours (= our mission) is a glorious mission. (我们的任务是一件光荣的任务。)
This house became ours (= our house)when our father died. (父亲去世后,这房子就成为我们的了。)
His family is bigger than mine (= my family ). (他的子女比我多。)

(4) 反身代词的用法

1) 作宾语和表语。例如:
I've hurt myself. (我弄伤了自己。)
He's not quite himself today. (他今天不太舒服。)
2) 作强调用。例如:
We ourselves are to blame. (要怪我们自己。)
I spoke to the mayor himself. (我同市长本人谈过话。)
Repair it yourself. (你自己修理。)

(5) 不定人称代词 one 和 you

不定人称代词 one,泛指“人们”、“任何人”,用于正式文体中。例如:
One can't do that sort of thing. (一个人不能干那种事。)
One must try to keep one's temper even then one is being annoyed. (即使被惹得生气,一个人也必须尽量不发脾气。)
在口语中,用 you 来代替 one。例如:
You have to relax now and then. (一个人总得不时轻松一下。)

2. 关系代词

关系代词(who,whom,whose,which,that)用来引导关系分句,同时,它代表先行词在所引导的分句中构成一定的句子成分。例如:
The man who spoke was my brother. (讲话的那人是我亲兄弟。)
在这个句子中,关系代词 who 代表先行词 man,在分句中充当主语。

(1) 限制性关系分句

限制性关系分句对说明整个句子的意义是必不可少的,如果省略了分句,句子的意就变了。例如:
The people who lived here have laft. (住在这里的人已迁走了。)
He is one of the men whom I feen I can trust. (他是我感到可以信任的人之一。)
Dogs which bark all night should be shot. (整夜狂吠的狗应该杀掉。)
注意:在限制性关系分句中不用逗号。

(2) 非限制性关系分句

非限制性关系分句只对句子的意义起补充说明的作用,因而并非必不可少。例如:
My grandmother, who is still fit and well, is naerly 85. (我的祖母仍很硬朗,已差不多85岁了。)
The current, which is very capid, makes the river dangerous. (水流湍急,使那条河变得很危险。)
注意:非限制性关系分句与先行词之间一般用逗号隔开。

(3) who,that 用于指人,which,that 通常用于指事物或动物

The young man who called this afternoon is my student. (今天下午来访的那位男青年是我的学生。)
The man that told you that is lying. (告诉你那事的那个人在撒谎。)
The dog which was lost has been found. (走失的那只狗已找到。)
The dictionnary that is on the table has just been produced. (桌上的那本词典是刚出版的。)

(4) who,which,that 的省略

who, which,that 这些关系代词在限制性关系分句作宾语时,可以而且事实上是经常被省略。例如:
The man (who / that) you saw just now is my uncle. (你刚才见到的那个人是我的叔父。)
The cake (which / that) you made was very nice. (你做的蛋糕很好。)
The dog (which / that) you brought home yesterday has bitten the postman. (你昨天带回家的那条狗咬了邮递员。)

(5) whose 用于指人;whose,of which 用于指事物或动物

That's the man whose wife died lst week. (那就是妻子上星期去世的那个人。)
It's book whose title (或 the title of which) I've forgotten. (那是一本书名我已遗忘的书。)

(6) whom

在正式文体中,关系分句中充当宾语的指人的关系代词用 whom 。例如:
The man whom I met is my teacher. (我遇到的那个 人是我的老师。)
但在口语中用 who 代替 whom 或者更常见的是省去关系代词。例如:
The man (who)I met is my teacher.

(7) 关系分句中置于句末的前置词

The man (who / that)I told you about came again lsat night. (我告诉过的那个人昨晚又来了。)
The place ( which / that ) we went to isn't far from here. (我们去过的地方离这儿不远。)
注意:关系分句中前置词也可以置于 whom,which 之前,但不能置于 that 之前。例如:
The man about whom I told you came again last night.
The place to which we went isn't far from here.

3. 指示代词

指示代词 this 和 that 有相应的复数形式 these 和 those ,它们可以作为形容词修饰名词。例如:
this (that)car (这[那]汽车)
these (those)honses (这些[那些]房子)
作为代词它们也可以代替名词。例如:
A: I like these painting. B: I don't, I prefer those. (A:我喜欢这些画。B:我不喜欢,我更喜欢那些。)
Did you see that. (你看见那个东西了吗?)

4. 不定代词

(1) one 和它的复数形式 ones 可以用来代替上文出现过的名词,以避免同一名词的重复。例如:
A: Did you see that car? B: Which one? A: The one that's just gone past. (A:你看到那辆车吗? B:哪一辆? A:刚刚过去的那辆。)
one 和 ones 还可用形容词或指示代词 this,that 等修饰。例如:
I like the blue ones best. (我最喜欢那些蓝色的。)
Have you got a smaler one? (你有小一点的吗?)
I'll take this one. (我就买这一个。)
This one are better. (这些较好。)
(2) some,any,none 均可以用来代替名词。例如:
I need drawing pins. Have you got any? (我需要图钉。你有吗?)
Please give me some. (请给我一些。)
A: Can you lend me any money? B: I'm sorry, I've got none. (A:你能借些钱给我吗? B: 很抱歉,我身无分文。)

5. 疑问代词

(1) who,whom,whose 用于指人

1) who 用于主格。例如:
Who lives in the house? (谁住在这房子里?)
Who gave you the book? (谁给你这本书?)
2) who(〈书〉whom)用于宾格,带前置词。例如:
Who(m) did you invite for dinner? (你请谁吃饭?)
Who is she talking about? (她在谈论谁呢?)
注意:前置词的位置在句末。
3) whose 为所有格。例如:
Whos car is that? (那是谁的车?)
Whos are those books? (那些书是谁的?)

(2) what 常用于指事物

1) what 用于主格。例如:
What happened to you? (你出了什么事?)
2) what用于宾格。例如:
What did he say? (他说什么?)
What are you doing? (你在干什么?)
3) what 作为形容词修饰名词。例如:
What books do you raed? (你读些什么书?)
What films do you like going to? (你喜欢看什么样的电影?)
what 也可以指人。例如:
What is he? (他干什么工作的?)

(3) which 用于指人或物

1) which 用于主格。例如:
Which came first, the chicken or egg? (先有鸡还是先有蛋?)
2) which用于宾格。例如:
Which will you have, tea or coffee? (你喝咖啡还是咖啡?)
注意:what 和 which 都含有选择的意思,但用 what 选择的范围是无限制的,用 which 则指在有限的范围内选择。试比较:
What would you like to eat? (指什么食品)
Which will you have, tea or coffee? (指两种饮料中的一种)

(4) 疑问代词也用于引导名词性分句

What is done can not be undone. (事已定局,无可挽回。)
He asked who she was. (他问我她是谁。)

上一篇 下一篇

猜你喜欢

热点阅读