第11章 高级海龟作图

11.1 从最基本的正方形开始

最笨的方式画正方形

>>> import turtle
>>> t = turtle.Pen()
>>> t.forward(50)
>>> t.left(90)
>>> t.forward(50)
>>> t.left(90)
>>> t.forward(50)
>>> t.left(90)
>>> t.forward(50)

image

>>> t.reset()
>>> for x in range(0,5):
    t.forward(50)
    t.left(90)

11.2 画星星

>>> t.reset()
>>> for x in range(1,9):
    t.forward(100)
    t.left(225)

image

>>> t.reset()
>>> for x in range(1,38):
    t.forward(100)
    t.left(175)

image

>>> t.reset()
>>> for x in range(1,20):
    t.forward(100)
    t.left(95)

image

>>> t.reset()
>>> for x in range(1,19):
    t.forward(100)
    if x % 2 == 0:
        t.left(175)
    else:
        t.left(225)

image

11.3 画汽车

画车身

>>> t.reset()
>>> t.color(1,0,0)
>>> t.begin_fill()
>>> t.forward(100)
>>> t.left(90)
>>> t.forward(20)
>>> t.left(90)
>>> t.forward(20)
>>> t.right(90)
>>> t.forward(20)
>>> t.left(90)
>>> t.forward(60)
>>> t.left(90)
>>> t.forward(20)
>>> t.right(90)
>>> t.forward(20)
>>> t.left(90)
>>> t.forward(20)
>>> t.end_fill()

画第一个轮子

>>> t.color(0,0,0)
>>> t.up()
>>> t.forward(10)
>>> t.down()
>>> t.begin_fill()
>>> t.circle(10)
>>> t.end_fill()

画第二个轮子

>>> t.setheading(0)
>>> t.up()
>>> t.forward(90)
>>> t.right(90)
>>> t.forward(10)
>>> t.setheading(0)
>>> t.begin_fill()
>>> t.down()
>>> t.circle(10)
>>> t.end_fill()

image

11.4 填色

color函数有三个参数，第一个参数指定有多少红色，第二个参数指定有多少绿色，第三个参数指定有多少蓝色。
比如画个黄色的圆：

>>> t.color(1,1,0)
>>> t.begin_fill()
>>> t.circle(50)
>>> t.end_fill()

11.4.1 用来画填色圆形的函数

>>> def mycircle(red, green, blue):
    t.color(red, green, blue)
    t.begin_fill()
    t.circle(50)
    t.end_fill()

    
>>> mycircle(0,1,0)
>>> mycircle(0,0.5,0)
>>> mycircle(1,0,0)
>>> mycircle(0.9,0.5,0.15)

11.4.2 使用纯白和纯黑

>>> mycircle(0,0,0)
>>> mycircle(1,1,1)

11.5 画正方形的函数

>>> t.reset() 
>>> def mysquare(size):
    for x in range(1,5):
        t.forward(size)
        t.left(90)

        
>>> mysquare(50)
>>> mysquare(75)
>>> mysquare(100)
>>> mysquare(125)

11.6 画填色正方形

>>> def mysquare(size,filled):
    if filled == True:
        t.begin_fill()
    for x in range(1,5):
        t.forward(size)
        t.left(90)
    if filled == True:
        t.end_fill()

        
>>> mysquare(50,True)
>>> mysquare(150,False)

11.7 画填好色的星星

>>> def mystar(size, filled):
    if filled == True:
        t.begin_fill()
    for x in range(1,19):
        t.forward(size)
        if x % 2 == 0:
            t.left(175)
        else:
            t.left(225)
    if filled == True:
        t.end_fill()

>>> t.color(0.9,0.75,0)
>>> mystar(120,True)

第12章 用tkinter画高级图形

turtle画图太慢了，如果要要在计算机屏幕上快速绘图，就要用Python标准安装程序中自带的tkinter模块。tkinter可以用来创建完整的应用程序，比如简单的子处理软件，还有简单的绘图软件。

12.1 创造一个可以点的按钮

>>> from tkinter import *
>>> tk = Tk()
>>> btn = Button(tk, text="click me")
>>> btn.pack()

from tkinter import * 用from 模块名 import * 可以在不用模块名字的情况下使用模块的内容来。而如果像前面李子中用了import turtle，我们就得用模块的名字才能访问它的内容

>>> import turtle
>>> t = turtle.Pen()

如果用了 import * 就方便了许多

>>> from turtle import *
>>> t = Pen()

绘制一个按钮，每次点击按钮，就打印“hello there”

>>> def hello():
    print('hello there')

    
>>> from tkinter import *
>>> tk = Tk()
>>> btn = Button(tk, text='click me', command=hello)
>>> btn.pack()
>>> hello there
hello there
hello there
hello there
hello there
hello there

12.2 使用具名参数

>>> def person(width, height):
    print('I am %s feet wide, %s feet hight' % (width, height))

通常，我们这样调用它：

>>> person(4,3)

使用具名参数，我们可以调用函数并指定每个值赋予哪个参数：

>>> person(height=3, width=4)

12.3 创建一个画图用的画布

创建一个500像素 * 500像素的画布

>>> from tkinter import *
>>> tk = Tk()
>>> canvas = Canvas(tk,width=500,height=500)
>>> canvas.pack()

12.4 画线

>>> from tkinter import *
>>> tk = Tk()
>>> canvas = Canvas(tk,width=500,height=500)
>>> canvas.pack()
>>> from tkinter import *
>>> tk = Tk()
>>> canvas = Canvas(tk, width=500, height=500)
>>> canvas.pack()
>>> canvas.create_line(0,0,500,500)
1

image

create_line 返回1，它是个标志，我们以后再来了解它。

如果我们要用turtle模块做同样的事情，那就需要下面的代码：

>>> import turtle
>>> turtle.setup(width=500, height=500)
>>> t = turtle.Pen()
>>> t.up()
>>> t.goto(-250,250)
>>> t.down()
>>> t.goto(500,-500)

12.5 画盒子

>>> from tkinter import *
>>> tk = Tk()
>>> canvas = Canvas(tk, width=400, height=400)
>>> canvas.pack()
>>> canvas.create_rectangle(10,10,50,50)
1
>>> canvas.create_rectangle(10,10,300,50)
2
>>> canvas.create_rectangle(10,10,50,300)
3

12.5.1 画许多矩形

>>> from tkinter import *
>>> import random
>>> tk = Tk()
>>> canvas = Canvas(tk, width=400, height=400)
>>> canvas.pack()
>>> def random_rectangle(width, height):
    x1 = random.randrange(width)
    y1 = random.randrange(height)
    x2 = x1 + random.randrange(width)
    y2 = y1 + random.randrange(height)
    canvas.create_rectangle(x1,y1,x2,y2)

    
>>> for x in range(0,100):
    random_rectangle(400,400)

image

12.5.2 设置颜色

>>> from tkinter import *
>>> import random
>>> tk = Tk()
>>> canvas = Canvas(tk,width=400,height=400)
>>> canvas.pack()
>>> def random_rectangle(width,height,fill_color):
    x1 = random.randrange(width)
    y1 = random.randrange(height)
    x2 = random.randrange(x1+random.randrange(width))
    y2 = random.randrange(y1+random.randrange(height))
    canvas.create_rectangle(x1,y1,x2,y2,fill=fill_color)

    
>>> random_rectangle(400,400,'green')
>>> random_rectangle(400,400,'red')
>>> random_rectangle(400,400,'blue')
>>> random_rectangle(400,400,'orange')
>>> random_rectangle(400,400,'yellow')
>>> random_rectangle(400,400,'pink')
>>> random_rectangle(400,400,'purple')
>>> random_rectangle(400,400,'violet')
>>> random_rectangle(400,400,'magenta')
>>> random_rectangle(400,400,'cyan')
>>> random_rectangle(400,400,'gray')
>>> random_rectangle(400,400,'#ffd800')

image

调取取色板

>>> import tkinter.colorchooser
>>> tkinter.colorchooser.askcolor()

image

选择一个颜色并按“确定”，会出现一个元组。这个元组中包含了另一个元组，其中三个数字和一个字符串：

>>> tkinter.colorchooser.askcolor()
((255.99609375, 128.5, 64.25), '#ff8040')

元组的第一个元素代表红绿蓝的量，第二个元素是这三个数字的十六进制的值。

>>> from tkinter import *
>>> import random
>>> tk = Tk()
>>> canvas = Canvas(tk,width=400,height=400)
>>> canvas.pack()
>>> def random_rectangle(width,height,fill_color):
    x1 = random.randrange(width)
    y1 = random.randrange(height)
    x2 = random.randrange(x1+random.randrange(width))
    y2 = random.randrange(y1+random.randrange(height))
    canvas.create_rectangle(x1,y1,x2,y2,fill=fill_color)

    
>>> c = tkinter.colorchooser.askcolor()
>>> random_rectangle(400,400,c[1])

12.6 画圆弧

>>> from tkinter import *
>>> tk = Tk()
>>> canvas = Canvas(tk, width=400, height=400)
>>> canvas.pack()
>>> canvas.create_arc(10,10,200,100,extent=180,style=ARC)

以上代码中的参数含义：左上角坐标（10，10），右下角坐标（200，100），extent是用来指定圆弧的角度。

>>> from tkinter import *
>>> tk = Tk()
>>> canvas = Canvas(tk,width=400,height=400)
>>> canvas.pack()
>>> canvas.create_arc(10,10,200,80,extent=45,style=ARC)
1
>>> canvas.create_arc(10,80,200,160,extent=90,style=ARC)
2
>>> canvas.create_arc(10,160,200,240,extent=135,style=ARC)
3
>>> canvas.create_arc(10,240,200,320,extent=180,style=ARC)
4
>>> canvas.create_arc(10,320,200,400,extent=359,style=ARC)
5

image

注意：在画最后一个圈时我们用了359度而不是360度，因为tkinter把360度当做0度。

12.7 画多边形

>>> from tkinter import *
>>> tk = Tk()
>>> canvas = Canvas(tk,width=400,height=400)
>>> canvas.pack()
>>> canvas.create_polygon(10,10,100,10,100,110,fill='',outline='black')
1
>>> canvas.create_polygon(200,10,240,30,120,100,140,120,fill='',outline='black')
2

image

12.8 显示文字

>>> from tkinter import *
>>> tk = Tk()
>>> canvas = Canvas(tk,width=400,height=400)
>>> canvas.pack()
>>> canvas.create_text(150,100,text='There once was a man from Toulouse')
1
>>> canvas.create_text(130,120,text='Who rode around on a moose.',fill='red')
2
>>> canvas.create_text(150,150,text='He said,"It\'s my curse,"',font=('Times',15))
3
>>> canvas.create_text(200,200,text='But it could be worse,',font=('Helvetica',20))
4
>>> canvas.create_text(220,250,text='My cousin rides round',font=('Courier',22))
5
>>> canvas.create_text(220,300,text='on a goose.',font=('Helvetica',30))
6

image

12.9 显示图片

用tkinter只能装入GIF图片，也就是扩展名是.gif的图片文件。想要显示其他类型的图片，如PNG和JPG，就需要用到其他的模块

>>> from tkinter import *
>>> tk = Tk()
>>> canvas = Canvas(tk,width=400,height=400)
>>> canvas.pack()
>>> my_image = PhotoImage(file = 'D:\\DataguruPyhton\\gif_error.gif')
canvas.create_image(0,0,anchor=NW,image=my_image)
1

(0,0)是我们要显示图片的位置，anchor=NW让函数使用左上角（northwest 西北方向）作为画图的起始点，否则会默认用图片的中心作为起始点。

image

12.10 创建基本的动画

>>> import time
>>> from tkinter import *
>>> tk = Tk()
>>> canvas = Canvas(tk,width=400,height=400)
>>> canvas.pack()
>>> canvas.create_polygon(10,10,10,60,50,35)
1
>>> for x in range(0,60):
    canvas.move(1,5,0)
    tk.update()
    time.sleep(0.05)

canvas.move(1,5,0) 把ID为1的对象，横移5个像素，纵移0个像素

12.11 让对象操作有反应

>>> from tkinter import *
>>> tk = Tk()
>>> canvas = Canvas(tk,width=400,height=400)
>>> canvas.pack()
>>> canvas.create_polygon(10,10,10,60,50,35)
1
>>> def movetriangle(event):
    canvas.move(1,5,0)

    
>>> canvas.bind_all('<KeyPress-Return>',movetriangle)
'2452315417608movetriangle'

canvas.bind_all('<KeyPress-Return>',movetriangle) 第一个参数代表让tkinter监视什么事件，第二个参数代表事件触发时调用哪个函数。在这里<KeyPress-Return>是按下回车键。运行上面的代码后，用鼠标点击画布，然后在键盘上按回车键。

>>> from tkinter import *
>>> tk = Tk()
>>> canvas = Canvas(tk,width=400,height=400)
>>> canvas.pack()
>>> canvas.create_polygon(10,10,10,60,50,35)
1
>>> def movetriangle(event):
    if event.keysym == 'Up':
        canvas.move(1,0,-3)
    elif event.keysym == 'Down':
        canvas.move(1,0,3)
    elif event.keysym == 'Left':
        canvas.move(1,-3,0)
    else:
        canvas.move(1,3,0)

        
>>> canvas.bind_all('<KeyPress-Up>',movetriangle)
'2452315417672movetriangle'
>>> canvas.bind_all('<KeyPress-Down>',movetriangle)
'2452275541384movetriangle'
>>> canvas.bind_all('<KeyPress-Left>',movetriangle)
'2452315549640movetriangle'
>>> canvas.bind_all('<KeyPress-Right>',movetriangle)
'2452315586696movetriangle'

12.12 更多使用ID的方法

只要用了画布上面以create_开头的函数，它总会返回一个ID，这个识别编号可以在其他画布的函数中使用，就像move函数一样。但问题是create_不会总是返回1，所以我们可以修改代码把返回值作为一个变量保存，然后使用这个变量（而不是直接使用数字1），那么无论返回值是多少，这段代码都能工作。

>>> from tkinter import *
>>> tk = Tk()
>>> canvas = Canvas(tk,width=400,height=400)
>>> canvas.pack()
>>> mytriangle = canvas.create_polygon(10,10,10,60,50,35,fill='red')
>>> canvas.itemconfig(mytriangle, fill='blue')
>>> canvas.itemconfig(mytriangle, outline='red')

画布上的itemconfig函数可以用来改变形状的某些参数，上面代码用到了填色和轮廓线的颜色。