聊聊Java中的关闭钩子(shutdown hook)

2020-09-21  本文已影响0人  LittleMagic

今天折腾了半天才回到家,写篇简单的,然后趁早洗洗睡吧。

在Java程序退出时——尤其是非正常退出时,我们可能需要先执行一些善后工作,如关闭线程池、连接池、文件句柄等,即所谓“优雅停机”(graceful shutdown)。如何保证善后工作的代码能够被执行到呢?Java为用户提供了关闭钩子(shutdown hook),它在以下情景都会被调用:

关闭钩子在以下情景不会被调用:

用户通过Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook()方法来注册关闭钩子,示例:

Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(new Thread(() -> {
  someThreadPool.shutdown();
  someConnectionPool.close();
  LOGGER.info("Shutdown hook called");
}));

可见,关闭钩子的本质就是已经初始化但在JVM关闭之前最后一刻才会执行的线程。当然,Java也提供了removeShutdownHook()方法来删除关闭钩子。

JDK内是通过ApplicationShutdownHooks类来维护关闭钩子的,该类中有一个IdentityHashMap容器。

private static IdentityHashMap<Thread, Thread> hooks;

addShutdownHook()方法实际上是代理了ApplicationShutdownHooks.add()方法。在注册关闭钩子之前,会先判断是否符合以下三个条件,如果是,则钩子无法注册:

static synchronized void add(Thread hook) {
    if(hooks == null)
        throw new IllegalStateException("Shutdown in progress");
    if (hook.isAlive())
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Hook already running");
    if (hooks.containsKey(hook))
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Hook previously registered");
    hooks.put(hook, hook);
}

启动钩子的方法则是ApplicationShutdownHooks.runHooks()。

static void runHooks() {
    Collection<Thread> threads;
    synchronized(ApplicationShutdownHooks.class) {
        threads = hooks.keySet();
        hooks = null;
    }
    for (Thread hook : threads) {
        hook.start();
    }
    for (Thread hook : threads) {
        while (true) {
            try {
                hook.join();
                break;
            } catch (InterruptedException ignored) {
            }
        }
    }
}

这里要注意Thread.join()方法的语义,即挂起调用线程,等待被调用线程(在这里就是钩子线程)执行完毕之后,调用线程才继续执行。也就是说,这里必须保证关闭钩子在主线程真正关闭之前执行完毕。

那么runHooks()方法又是在哪里被调用的呢?由ApplicationShutdownHooks方法的static代码块可知是在Shutdown类,但是仍然包装成了Runnable,没有立即执行。

static {
    try {
        Shutdown.add(1 /* shutdown hook invocation order */,
            false /* not registered if shutdown in progress */,
            new Runnable() {
                public void run() {
                    runHooks();
                }
            }
        );
        hooks = new IdentityHashMap<>();
    } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
        // application shutdown hooks cannot be added if
        // shutdown is in progress.
        hooks = null;
    }
}

Shutdown类内用Runnable的数组hooks维护关闭钩子的执行,并且该数组同时表示关闭钩子的优先级,排在前面slot的会先执行。虽然该数组的长度为10,但是目前只用了3个slot,用户注册的应用关闭钩子的优先级夹在两种系统钩子的中间(即固定占用slot 1)。

private static final int RUNNING = 0;
private static final int HOOKS = 1;
private static final int FINALIZERS = 2;
private static int state = RUNNING;

// The system shutdown hooks are registered with a predefined slot.
// The list of shutdown hooks is as follows:
// (0) Console restore hook
// (1) Application hooks
// (2) DeleteOnExit hook
private static final int MAX_SYSTEM_HOOKS = 10;
private static final Runnable[] hooks = new Runnable[MAX_SYSTEM_HOOKS];

static void add(int slot, boolean registerShutdownInProgress, Runnable hook) {
    synchronized (lock) {
        if (hooks[slot] != null)
            throw new InternalError("Shutdown hook at slot " + slot + " already registered");
        if (!registerShutdownInProgress) {
            if (state > RUNNING)
                throw new IllegalStateException("Shutdown in progress");
        } else {
            if (state > HOOKS || (state == HOOKS && slot <= currentRunningHook))
                throw new IllegalStateException("Shutdown in progress");
        }
        hooks[slot] = hook;
    }
}

registerShutdownInProgress表示是否允许在关闭过程中注册钩子,前面传入的是false。如果为true的话,则可以在当前运行的钩子后面注册优先级更低的钩子。

加入到hooks数组的钩子最终会在sequence()方法触发执行,最后还会根据runFinalizersOnExit标志位来判断是否需要执行finalizer。runAllFinalizers()是一个native方法。

private static void sequence() {
    synchronized (lock) {
        /* Guard against the possibility of a daemon thread invoking exit
         * after DestroyJavaVM initiates the shutdown sequence
         */
        if (state != HOOKS) return;
    }
    runHooks();
    boolean rfoe;
    synchronized (lock) {
        state = FINALIZERS;
        rfoe = runFinalizersOnExit;
    }
    if (rfoe) runAllFinalizers();
}

private static void runHooks() {
    for (int i=0; i < MAX_SYSTEM_HOOKS; i++) {
        try {
            Runnable hook;
            synchronized (lock) {
                // acquire the lock to make sure the hook registered during
                // shutdown is visible here.
                currentRunningHook = i;
                hook = hooks[i];
            }
            if (hook != null) hook.run();
        } catch(Throwable t) {
            if (t instanceof ThreadDeath) {
                ThreadDeath td = (ThreadDeath)t;
                throw td;
            }
        }
    }
}

就酱吧,民那晚安晚安。

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