食用红肉与患癌风险
红肉包含牛肉、羊肉、猪肉等。加工过的肉或熏制过的肉可能会加入化学添加剂延长保质期或增加口感。加工过的肉包括香肠、培根、火腿、熟食等。尽管红肉中含有众多重要营养物质,例如氨基酸、维生素B12、铁、锌等,但是流行病学研究结果显示红肉可能会增加患癌症风险。
结直肠癌
多个荟萃分析观察到多食红肉会增加患结直肠癌(CRC)风险。对27个队列研究的荟萃分析结果显示,与少食红肉比较,多食红肉增加患CRC的相关估计风险(relative risk estimate,SRRE)11%,但是异质性较高。然而,只食用新鲜红肉不会增加患CRC相关估计风险,异质性也低。
对111个队列研究做的荟萃分析结果显示,每天食用100g的红肉或加工过的肉会增加患CRC相关风险12%。如果只分析红肉,那么与患CRC风险的相关性很小。食用红肉会增加患结肠癌风险,但不会增加患直肠癌风险。
另一个对肉类做分层分析的研究结果显示,与少食牛肉者比较,多食牛肉者增加患CRC风险和结肠癌风险,但不会增加患直肠癌风险。多食用羊肉会增加患CRC风险,但不会增加患结肠癌和直肠癌风险。多食用猪肉不会增加患CRC、结肠癌、直肠癌风险。
对6个队列研究和13个病例对照研究做的日本荟萃分析也得到了相似结果。多食用红肉显著增加患CRC和结肠癌风险。
护士健康研究和卫生专业人员随访研究做的汇总分析结果显示,多食红肉不会增加患近端结肠癌或远端结肠癌风险。但是每天食用一份加工过的肉会显著增加患CRC和远端结肠癌风险。
肺癌
对6个队列研究和28个病例对照研究做的荟萃分析结果显示,多食红肉显著增加患肺癌风险,但是异质性高。多食牛肉会显著增加患肺癌风险,但是羊肉或猪肉则不会,且异质性低。
近期的荟萃分析结果显示,多食红肉会显著增加患肺癌SRRE,且无显著的异质性。
乳腺癌
对46个研究做的荟萃分析结果显示,每天食用120g的红肉会显著增加患乳腺癌风险。但是与少食红肉者比较,多食红肉者患乳腺癌风险没有显著增加。
非霍奇金淋巴瘤
对4个前瞻性研究和16个病例对照研究做的荟萃分析结果显示,与少食红肉者比较,多食红肉者患非霍奇金淋巴瘤风险显著增加。如果按研究类型分析,只有病例对照研究的分析结果显示多食红肉与患非霍奇金淋巴瘤风险有关。
另一个对14个研究做的荟萃分析结果显示,只有病例对照研究的分析结果显示多食红肉与患非霍奇金淋巴瘤风险有关,而队列研究无关联。
另外一个对14个研究做的荟萃分析结果显示,多食红肉显著增加患非霍奇金淋巴瘤风险。如果单独分析多发性骨髓瘤、弥漫大B淋巴瘤、慢性淋巴细胞白血病和小淋巴细胞淋巴瘤、滤泡性淋巴瘤与食用红肉联系时,研究者发现无显著关联性。
胃癌
对42个研究做的荟萃分析结果显示,食用红肉和牛肉会显著增加患胃癌风险。但是这种关联性在病例对照研究中存在,而在队列研究中无此种关联。另一个对42个研究做的荟萃分析得出同样结果。在病例对照研究中,食用红肉量越多这种关联性越强,但是在队列研究中没有这种关联。
其他肿瘤
多个荟萃分析结果显示,多食红肉会增加患多种其他肿瘤风险。与少食红肉比较,多食红肉会增加患食管鳞状细胞癌、胶质瘤、鼻咽癌风险。对病例对照研究做的荟萃分析结果显示,多食红肉会增加患胰腺癌风险,但不是队列研究。
对5个队列研究和8个病例对照研究做的荟萃分析结果显示,病例对照研究中每天食用100g红肉会增加患膀胱癌风险。然而,另一个荟萃分析结果显示,与少食红肉比较,多食红肉没有增加患膀胱癌风险。该研究没有分队列研究和病例对照研究进行分析。
与食用红肉无关的肿瘤
多个研究证实以下肿瘤与食用红肉无关,有肝细胞癌、口腔癌和咽癌、卵巢癌、前列腺癌等。
结论
流行病学证据显示,多食红肉(特别是牛肉)显著增加患多种癌症风险。多食猪肉不会增加患癌风险,食用羊肉与患癌风险存在不确定性。在病例对照研究中使用红肉与患癌风险之间存在强关联性,但是在一些队列研究中不一定有病例对照研究一样的结果。这些流行病学数据的缺点是没有随机对照研究评估多食红肉与患癌之间的关联性。
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