Maven学习之路(一):POM文件
2018-07-22 本文已影响0人
ShannonAJ
基本概念
POM（Project Object Model，项目对象模型）文件是Maven项目的核心，定义项目基本信息，描述如何构建，声明依赖
第一个pom.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/maven-v4_0_0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>com.shannonAJ.mavenStudy</groupId>
<artifactId>hello-maven</artifactId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
<name>Maven study project</name>
</project>
- XML头指定了xml文档的版本和编码方式
- project元素是根元素，声明了一些POM相关的命名空间和XSD元素
- 根元素下是Modelversion指定了POM的版本，目前都是4.0.0
- groupID、artifactId、version是最重要的三行，他们定义了一个基本坐标，Maven中所有Jar、war和POM都是以这个基本坐标来区分
- groupID定义了项目属于哪个组织，如建立一个maven-study的项目，groupId应该就是com.shannonAJ.maven-study
- artifactId定义了当前Maven项目在组中的唯一ID，如maven-study
- version指定了项目的当前版本：1.0-SNAPSHOT，SNAPSHOT代表快照，说明不稳定，处于开发中，RELEASE代表稳定发布版本
- name元素声明了对于用户更友好的项目名称，推荐声明
编写代码
- 在工作区新建一个文件夹：maven-study,maven默认Java代码在/src/main/java下，创建该目录，编写文件hello.java
package com.shannonAJ.maven-study.hello-maven;
public class HelloMaven
{
public String sayHello()
{
return "Hello Maven";
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(new HelloMaven().sayHello());
}
}
- 在项目根目录下打包
E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven>mvn clean compile
[INFO] Scanning for projects...
[INFO]
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Building Maven study project 1.0-SNAPSHOT
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-clean-plugin:2.5:clean (default-clean) @ hello-maven ---
[INFO] Deleting E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\target
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-resources-plugin:2.6:resources (default-resources) @ hello-maven ---
[WARNING] Using platform encoding (GBK actually) to copy filtered resources, i.e. build is platform dependent!
[INFO] skip non existing resourceDirectory E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\src\main\resources
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-compiler-plugin:3.1:compile (default-compile) @ hello-maven ---
[INFO] Changes detected - recompiling the module!
[WARNING] File encoding has not been set, using platform encoding GBK, i.e. build is platform dependent!
[INFO] Compiling 1 source file to E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\target\classes
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Total time: 1.156 s
[INFO] Finished at: 2018-07-21T21:22:34+08:00
[INFO] Final Memory: 13M/165M
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Maven首先执行clean:clean，告诉Maven清理输出目录target，默认maven的输出都在target目录下。然后执行resource：resource，接着执行compile：compile，把编译好的文件放到target/classes下
- clean:clean,resource:resource,compile:compile对应了一些插件的目标
编写测试代码
- 测试代码位于src/test/java下
- POM中添加JUnit测试依赖
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/maven-v4_0_0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>com.shannonAJ.mavenStudy</groupId>
<artifactId>hello-maven</artifactId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
<name>Maven study project</name>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
<version>4.7</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</project>
- 代码中添加Junit依赖，Maven能自动去中央仓库中下载junit-4.7.jar
- <scope></scope>标签为依赖范围，依赖范围为test表明该依赖只对测试有效。如果在测试中引入Junit的package没有问题，但在主代码中引入就会报错
- <scope>不设置的话默认值为compile，表示该依赖对主代码和测试代码都有效
- 编写测试类
package com.shannonAJ.studyMaven.helloMaven;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
import org.junit.Test;
public class HelloMavenTest
{
@Test
public void testSayHello() {
HelloMaven hm = new HelloMaven();
String res = hm.sayHello();
assertEquals(""Hello Maven", res);
}
}
- 运行mvn clean test
E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven>mvn clean test
[INFO] Scanning for projects...
[INFO]
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Building Maven study project 1.0-SNAPSHOT
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-clean-plugin:2.5:clean (default-clean) @ hello-maven ---
[INFO] Deleting E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\target
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-resources-plugin:2.6:resources (default-resources) @ hello-maven ---
[WARNING] Using platform encoding (GBK actually) to copy filtered resources, i.e. build is platform dependent!
[INFO] skip non existing resourceDirectory E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\src\main\resources
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-compiler-plugin:3.1:compile (default-compile) @ hello-maven ---
[INFO] Changes detected - recompiling the module!
[WARNING] File encoding has not been set, using platform encoding GBK, i.e. build is platform dependent!
[INFO] Compiling 1 source file to E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\target\classes
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-resources-plugin:2.6:testResources (default-testResources) @ hello-maven ---
[WARNING] Using platform encoding (GBK actually) to copy filtered resources, i.e. build is platform dependent!
[INFO] skip non existing resourceDirectory E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\src\test\resources
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-compiler-plugin:3.1:testCompile (default-testCompile) @ hello-maven ---
[INFO] Changes detected - recompiling the module!
[WARNING] File encoding has not been set, using platform encoding GBK, i.e. build is platform dependent!
[INFO] Compiling 1 source file to E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\target\test-classes
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-surefire-plugin:2.12.4:test (default-test) @ hello-maven ---
[INFO] Surefire report directory: E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\target\surefire-reports
Downloading: http://maven.aliyun.com/nexus/content/groups/public/org/apache/maven/surefire/surefire-junit4/2.12.4/surefire-junit4-2.12.4.pom
Downloaded: http://maven.aliyun.com/nexus/content/groups/public/org/apache/maven/surefire/surefire-junit4/2.12.4/surefire-junit4-2.12.4.pom (2.4 kB at 7.6 kB/s)
Downloading: http://maven.aliyun.com/nexus/content/groups/public/org/apache/maven/surefire/surefire-providers/2.12.4/surefire-providers-2.12.4.pom
Downloaded: http://maven.aliyun.com/nexus/content/groups/public/org/apache/maven/surefire/surefire-providers/2.12.4/surefire-providers-2.12.4.pom (2.3 kB at 9.8 kB/s)
Downloading: http://maven.aliyun.com/nexus/content/groups/public/org/apache/maven/surefire/surefire-junit4/2.12.4/surefire-junit4-2.12.4.jar
Downloaded: http://maven.aliyun.com/nexus/content/groups/public/org/apache/maven/surefire/surefire-junit4/2.12.4/surefire-junit4-2.12.4.jar (37 kB at 145 kB/s)
-------------------------------------------------------
T E S T S
-------------------------------------------------------
Running com.shannonAJ.studyMaven.helloMaven.HelloMavenTest
Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0.062 sec
Results :
Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Total time: 3.891 s
[INFO] Finished at: 2018-07-22T10:37:31+08:00
[INFO] Final Memory: 20M/209M
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
- 可以看到总共经历了clean:clean、resource:resource、compile:compile、resource:testResource、compile:testCompile、surefire:test阶段
- surefire是Maven中负责执行测试的插件，它运行测试用例，并输出测试报告，显示运行了多少测试、失败了多少、出错了多少、跳过了多少
- 测试代码通过编译之后在/target/test-classes下生成了二进制文件
打包和运行
- POM中没有指定打包类型，默认类型为jar，执行mvn clean package进行打包
[INFO] Scanning for projects...
[INFO]
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Building Maven study project 1.0-SNAPSHOT
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-clean-plugin:2.5:clean (default-clean) @ hello-maven ---
[INFO] Deleting E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\target
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-resources-plugin:2.6:resources (default-resources) @ hello-maven ---
[WARNING] Using platform encoding (GBK actually) to copy filtered resources, i.e. build is platform dependent!
[INFO] skip non existing resourceDirectory E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\src\main\resources
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-compiler-plugin:3.1:compile (default-compile) @ hello-maven ---
[INFO] Changes detected - recompiling the module!
[WARNING] File encoding has not been set, using platform encoding GBK, i.e. build is platform dependent!
[INFO] Compiling 1 source file to E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\target\classes
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-resources-plugin:2.6:testResources (default-testResources) @ hello-maven ---
[WARNING] Using platform encoding (GBK actually) to copy filtered resources, i.e. build is platform dependent!
[INFO] skip non existing resourceDirectory E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\src\test\resources
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-compiler-plugin:3.1:testCompile (default-testCompile) @ hello-maven ---
[INFO] Changes detected - recompiling the module!
[WARNING] File encoding has not been set, using platform encoding GBK, i.e. build is platform dependent!
[INFO] Compiling 1 source file to E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\target\test-classes
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-surefire-plugin:2.12.4:test (default-test) @ hello-maven ---
[INFO] Surefire report directory: E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\target\surefire-reports
-------------------------------------------------------
T E S T S
-------------------------------------------------------
Running com.shannonAJ.studyMaven.helloMaven.HelloMavenTest
Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0.042 sec
Results :
Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-jar-plugin:2.4:jar (default-jar) @ hello-maven ---
[INFO] Building jar: E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\target\hello-maven-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Total time: 2.476 s
[INFO] Finished at: 2018-07-22T18:11:18+08:00
[INFO] Final Memory: 17M/165M
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Maven会在打包之前执行compile、resource等操作
- jar:jar任务负责打包，实际上就是jar插件的jar目标将项目主代码打包成一个名为hello-maven-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar的文件，该文件也位于/target/输出目录中,它根据artifact-version.jar规则进行命名，还可以使用finalName来自定义该文件的名称
- 让其他maven项目直接引用这个jar还需要安装步骤
- 安装mvn clean install
E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven>mvn clean install
[INFO] Scanning for projects...
[INFO]
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Building Maven study project 1.0-SNAPSHOT
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-clean-plugin:2.5:clean (default-clean) @ hello-maven ---
[INFO] Deleting E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\target
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-resources-plugin:2.6:resources (default-resources) @ hello-maven ---
[WARNING] Using platform encoding (GBK actually) to copy filtered resources, i.e. build is platform dependent!
[INFO] skip non existing resourceDirectory E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\src\main\resources
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-compiler-plugin:3.1:compile (default-compile) @ hello-maven ---
[INFO] Changes detected - recompiling the module!
[WARNING] File encoding has not been set, using platform encoding GBK, i.e. build is platform dependent!
[INFO] Compiling 1 source file to E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\target\classes
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-resources-plugin:2.6:testResources (default-testResources) @ hello-maven ---
[WARNING] Using platform encoding (GBK actually) to copy filtered resources, i.e. build is platform dependent!
[INFO] skip non existing resourceDirectory E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\src\test\resources
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-compiler-plugin:3.1:testCompile (default-testCompile) @ hello-maven ---
[INFO] Changes detected - recompiling the module!
[WARNING] File encoding has not been set, using platform encoding GBK, i.e. build is platform dependent!
[INFO] Compiling 1 source file to E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\target\test-classes
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-surefire-plugin:2.12.4:test (default-test) @ hello-maven ---
[INFO] Surefire report directory: E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\target\surefire-reports
-------------------------------------------------------
T E S T S
-------------------------------------------------------
Running com.shannonAJ.studyMaven.helloMaven.HelloMavenTest
Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0.047 sec
Results :
Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-jar-plugin:2.4:jar (default-jar) @ hello-maven ---
[INFO] Building jar: E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\target\hello-maven-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-install-plugin:2.4:install (default-install) @ hello-maven ---
[INFO] Installing E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\target\hello-maven-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar to E:\Development\m2\localRepository\com\shannonAJ\mavenStudy\hello-maven\1.0-SNAPSHOT\hello-maven-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar
[INFO] Installing E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\pom.xml to E:\Development\m2\localRepository\com\shannonAJ\mavenStudy\hello-maven\1.0-SNAPSHOT\hello-maven-1.0-SNAPSHOT.pom
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Total time: 2.707 s
[INFO] Finished at: 2018-07-22T18:19:01+08:00
[INFO] Final Memory: 17M/170M
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
- 打包之后又执行了安装任务install:install，该任务将项目输出的jar安装到了maven本地仓库中，其他的Maven项目才能使用它
生成可执行的jar文件
- 默认打包生成的jar不能直接运行，因为带有main方法的类信息不会添加到manifest中，打开jar文件中的META-INF/MANIFEST.MF文件，无法看到Main-Class一行
Manifest-Version: 1.0
Archiver-Version: Plexus Archiver
Built-By: andy-
Created-By: Apache Maven 3.5.0
Build-Jdk: 1.8.0_131
- 借助maven-shade-plugin,配置该插件
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-shade-plugin</artifactId>
<version>2.4.3</version>
<executions>
<execution>
<phase>package</phase>
<goals>
<goal>shade</goal>
</goals>
<configuration>
<transformers>
<transformer implementation="org.apache.maven.plugins.shade.resource.ManifestResourceTransformer">
<mainClass>com.shannonAJ.mavenStudy.helloMaven.HelloMaven</mainClass>
</transformer>
</transformers>
</configuration>
</execution>
</executions>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven>mvn clean install
[INFO] Scanning for projects...
[INFO]
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Building Maven study project 1.0-SNAPSHOT
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Downloading: http://maven.aliyun.com/nexus/content/groups/public/org/apache/maven/plugins/maven-shade-plugin/2.4.3/maven-shade-plugin-2.4.3.pom
Downloaded: http://maven.aliyun.com/nexus/content/groups/public/org/apache/maven/plugins/maven-shade-plugin/2.4.3/maven-shade-plugin-2.4.3.pom (8.5 kB at 23 kB/s)
Downloading: http://maven.aliyun.com/nexus/content/groups/public/org/apache/maven/plugins/maven-shade-plugin/2.4.3/maven-shade-plugin-2.4.3.jar
Downloaded: http://maven.aliyun.com/nexus/content/groups/public/org/apache/maven/plugins/maven-shade-plugin/2.4.3/maven-shade-plugin-2.4.3.jar (104 kB at 640 kB/s)
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-clean-plugin:2.5:clean (default-clean) @ hello-maven ---
[INFO] Deleting E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\target
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-resources-plugin:2.6:resources (default-resources) @ hello-maven ---
[WARNING] Using platform encoding (GBK actually) to copy filtered resources, i.e. build is platform dependent!
[INFO] skip non existing resourceDirectory E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\src\main\resources
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-compiler-plugin:3.1:compile (default-compile) @ hello-maven ---
[INFO] Changes detected - recompiling the module!
[WARNING] File encoding has not been set, using platform encoding GBK, i.e. build is platform dependent!
[INFO] Compiling 1 source file to E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\target\classes
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-resources-plugin:2.6:testResources (default-testResources) @ hello-maven ---
[WARNING] Using platform encoding (GBK actually) to copy filtered resources, i.e. build is platform dependent!
[INFO] skip non existing resourceDirectory E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\src\test\resources
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-compiler-plugin:3.1:testCompile (default-testCompile) @ hello-maven ---
[INFO] Changes detected - recompiling the module!
[WARNING] File encoding has not been set, using platform encoding GBK, i.e. build is platform dependent!
[INFO] Compiling 1 source file to E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\target\test-classes
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-surefire-plugin:2.12.4:test (default-test) @ hello-maven ---
[INFO] Surefire report directory: E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\target\surefire-reports
-------------------------------------------------------
T E S T S
-------------------------------------------------------
Running com.shannonAJ.studyMaven.helloMaven.HelloMavenTest
Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0.047 sec
Results :
Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-jar-plugin:2.4:jar (default-jar) @ hello-maven ---
[INFO] Building jar: E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\target\hello-maven-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-shade-plugin:2.4.3:shade (default) @ hello-maven ---
Downloading: http://maven.aliyun.com/nexus/content/groups/public/org/apache/maven/maven-compat/3.0/maven-compat-3.0.pom
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Downloading: http://maven.aliyun.com/nexus/content/groups/public/org/apache/maven/wagon/wagon-provider-api/1.0-beta-6/wagon-provider-api-1.0-beta-6.pom
Downloaded: http://maven.aliyun.com/nexus/content/groups/public/org/apache/maven/wagon/wagon-provider-api/1.0-beta-6/wagon-provider-api-1.0-beta-6.pom (1.8 kB at 13 kB/s)
Downloading: http://maven.aliyun.com/nexus/content/groups/public/org/apache/maven/wagon/wagon/1.0-beta-6/wagon-1.0-beta-6.pom
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[INFO] Replacing original artifact with shaded artifact.
[INFO] Replacing E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\target\hello-maven-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar with E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\target\hello-maven-1.0-SNAPSHOT-shaded.jar
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-install-plugin:2.4:install (default-install) @ hello-maven ---
[INFO] Installing E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\target\hello-maven-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar to E:\Development\m2\localRepository\com\shannonAJ\mavenStudy\hello-maven\1.0-SNAPSHOT\hello-maven-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar
[INFO] Installing E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\pom.xml to E:\Development\m2\localRepository\com\shannonAJ\mavenStudy\hello-maven\1.0-SNAPSHOT\hello-maven-1.0-SNAPSHOT.pom
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Total time: 7.700 s
[INFO] Finished at: 2018-07-22T18:54:54+08:00
[INFO] Final Memory: 21M/173M
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
- 再执行mvn clean install，target下会构建生成两个jar，前者是带有mainclass信息的jar，后者是原始jar
E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven\target 的目录
2018/07/22 18:54 <DIR> .
2018/07/22 18:54 <DIR> ..
2018/07/22 18:54 <DIR> classes
2018/07/22 18:54 3,160 hello-maven-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar
2018/07/22 18:54 <DIR> maven-archiver
2018/07/22 18:54 <DIR> maven-status
2018/07/22 18:54 2,906 original-hello-maven-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar
2018/07/22 18:54 <DIR> surefire-reports
2018/07/22 18:54 <DIR> test-classes
2 个文件 6,066 字节
7 个目录 231,469,121,536 可用字节
- 打开hello-maven-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar的MANIFEST.MF，可以看到包含了MainClass信息
Manifest-Version: 1.0
Archiver-Version: Plexus Archiver
Built-By: andy-
Created-By: Apache Maven 3.5.0
Build-Jdk: 1.8.0_131
Main-Class: com.shannonAJ.mavenStudy.helloMaven.HelloMaven
- 项目根目录执行jar文件,输出main方法结果
E:\Development\workspace\java-project\hello-maven>java -jar target\hello-maven-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar
Hello Maven
小结
- 介绍了Maven的主要命令：mvn clean compile\mvn clean test\mvn clean package\mvn clean install，执行顺序compile->test->package->install
参考资料
《Maven实战》
作者：许晓斌
京东链接: https://item.jd.com/10476794.html
