5、【Swift】控制流-Control Flow

2020-12-12  本文已影响0人  Sunday_David

For-In 循环

let names = ["Anna", "Alex", "Brian", "Jack"]
for name in names {
    print("Hello, \(name)!")
}
// Hello, Anna!
// Hello, Alex!
// Hello, Brian!
// Hello, Jack!

let numberOfLegs = ["spider": 8, "ant": 6, "cat": 4]
for (animalName, legCount) in numberOfLegs {
    print("\(animalName)s have \(legCount) legs")
}
// cats have 4 legs
// ants have 6 legs
// spiders have 8 legs

for index in 1...5 {
    print("\(index) times 5 is \(index * 5)")
}
// 1 times 5 is 5
// 2 times 5 is 10
// 3 times 5 is 15
// 4 times 5 is 20
// 5 times 5 is 25

let base = 3
let power = 10
var answer = 1
for _ in 1...power {
    answer *= base
}
print("\(base) to the power of \(power) is \(answer)")
// 输出“3 to the power of 10 is 59049”

let minutes = 60
for tickMark in 0..<minutes {
    // 每一分钟都渲染一个刻度线（60次）
}

let minuteInterval = 5
for tickMark in stride(from: 0, to: minutes, by: minuteInterval) {
    // 每5分钟渲染一个刻度线（0, 5, 10, 15 ... 45, 50, 55）
}

let hours = 12
let hourInterval = 3
for tickMark in stride(from: 3, through: hours, by: hourInterval) {
    // 每3小时渲染一个刻度线（3, 6, 9, 12）
}

While 循环

While

while condition {
    statements
}

Repeat-While

repeat {
    statements
} while condition

条件语句

if

var temperatureInFahrenheit = 30
if temperatureInFahrenheit <= 32 {
    print("It's very cold. Consider wearing a scarf.")
}
// 输出“It's very cold. Consider wearing a scarf.”

temperatureInFahrenheit = 40
if temperatureInFahrenheit <= 32 {
    print("It's very cold. Consider wearing a scarf.")
} else {
    print("It's not that cold. Wear a t-shirt.")
}
// 输出“It's not that cold. Wear a t-shirt.”

temperatureInFahrenheit = 90
if temperatureInFahrenheit <= 32 {
    print("It's very cold. Consider wearing a scarf.")
} else if temperatureInFahrenheit >= 86 {
    print("It's really warm. Don't forget to wear sunscreen.")
} else {
    print("It's not that cold. Wear a t-shirt.")
}
// 输出“It's really warm. Don't forget to wear sunscreen.”

temperatureInFahrenheit = 72
if temperatureInFahrenheit <= 32 {
    print("It's very cold. Consider wearing a scarf.")
} else if temperatureInFahrenheit >= 86 {
    print("It's really warm. Don't forget to wear sunscreen.")
}

Switch

let someCharacter: Character = "z"
switch someCharacter {
case "a":
    print("The first letter of the alphabet")
case "z":
    print("The last letter of the alphabet")
default:
    print("Some other character")
}
// 输出“The last letter of the alphabet”

没有隐式的贯穿

虽然在 Swift 中 break 不是必须的，但你依然可以在 case 分支中的代码执行完毕前使用 break 跳出，详情请参见 Switch 语句中的 break。

let anotherCharacter: Character = "a"
switch anotherCharacter {
case "a": // 无效，这个分支下面没有语句
case "A":
    print("The letter A")
default:
    print("Not the letter A")
}
// 这段代码会报编译错误

let anotherCharacter: Character = "a"
switch anotherCharacter {
case "a", "A":
    print("The letter A")
default:
    print("Not the letter A")
}
// 输出“The letter A”

let anotherCharacter: Character = "a"
switch anotherCharacter {
case "a", 
     "A":
    print("The letter A")
default:
    print("Not the letter A")
}
// 输出“The letter A”

想显式贯穿 case 分支，请用 fallthrough 语句

区间匹配

let approximateCount = 62
let countedThings = "moons orbiting Saturn"
let naturalCount: String
switch approximateCount {
case 0:
    naturalCount = "no"
case 1..<5:
    naturalCount = "a few"
case 5..<12:
    naturalCount = "several"
case 12..<100:
    naturalCount = "dozens of"
case 100..<1000:
    naturalCount = "hundreds of"
default:
    naturalCount = "many"
}
print("There are \(naturalCount) \(countedThings).")
// 输出“There are dozens of moons orbiting Saturn.”

元组

let somePoint = (1, 1)
switch somePoint {
case (0, 0):
    print("\(somePoint) is at the origin")
case (_, 0):
    print("\(somePoint) is on the x-axis")
case (0, _):
    print("\(somePoint) is on the y-axis")
case (-2...2, -2...2):
    print("\(somePoint) is inside the box")
default:
    print("\(somePoint) is outside of the box")
}
// 输出“(1, 1) is inside the box”
img
值绑定（Value Bindings）
let anotherPoint = (2, 0)
switch anotherPoint {
case (let x, 0):// 相当于（_，0）
    print("on the x-axis with an x value of \(x)")
case (0, let y):
    print("on the y-axis with a y value of \(y)")
case let (x, y):
    print("somewhere else at (\(x), \(y))")
}
// 输出“on the x-axis with an x value of 2”

Where

let yetAnotherPoint = (1, -1)
switch yetAnotherPoint {
case let (x, y) where x == y:
    print("(\(x), \(y)) is on the line x == y")
case let (x, y) where x == -y:
    print("(\(x), \(y)) is on the line x == -y")
case let (x, y):
    print("(\(x), \(y)) is just some arbitrary point")
}
// 输出“(1, -1) is on the line x == -y”

复合型 Cases

let someCharacter: Character = "e"
switch someCharacter {
case "a", "e", "i", "o", "u":
    print("\(someCharacter) is a vowel")
case "b", "c", "d", "f", "g", "h", "j", "k", "l", "m",
     "n", "p", "q", "r", "s", "t", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z":
    print("\(someCharacter) is a consonant")
default:
    print("\(someCharacter) is not a vowel or a consonant")
}
// 输出“e is a vowel”

let stillAnotherPoint = (9, 0)
switch stillAnotherPoint {
case (let distance, 0), (0, let distance):
    print("On an axis, \(distance) from the origin")
default:
    print("Not on an axis")
}
// 输出“On an axis, 9 from the origin”

控制转移语句

Continue

// 匹配到元音字母或者空格字符，就调用 continue 语句，使本次循环结束，重新开始下次循环
let puzzleInput = "great minds think alike"
var puzzleOutput = ""
for character in puzzleInput {
    switch character {
    case "a", "e", "i", "o", "u", " ":
        continue
    default:
        puzzleOutput.append(character)
    }
}
print(puzzleOutput)
    // 输出“grtmndsthnklk”
Break
循环语句中的 break
Switch 语句中的 break

当一个 switch 分支仅仅包含注释时，会被报编译时错误。注释不是代码语句而且也不能让 switch 分支达到被忽略的效果。你应该使用 break 来忽略某个分支

let numberSymbol: Character = "三"  // 简体中文里的数字 3
var possibleIntegerValue: Int?
switch numberSymbol {
case "1", "١", "一", "๑":
    possibleIntegerValue = 1
case "2", "٢", "二", "๒":
    possibleIntegerValue = 2
case "3", "٣", "三", "๓":
    possibleIntegerValue = 3
case "4", "٤", "四", "๔":
    possibleIntegerValue = 4
default:
    break
}
if let integerValue = possibleIntegerValue {
    print("The integer value of \(numberSymbol) is \(integerValue).")
} else {
    print("An integer value could not be found for \(numberSymbol).")
}
// 输出“The integer value of 三 is 3.”
贯穿（Fallthrough）
let integerToDescribe = 5
var description = "The number \(integerToDescribe) is"
switch integerToDescribe {
case 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19:
    description += " a prime number, and also"
    fallthrough
default:
    description += " an integer."
}
print(description)
// 输出“The number 5 is a prime number, and also an integer.”

fallthrough 关键字不会检查它下一个将会落入执行的 case 中的匹配条件

带标签的语句 - statement label
 label name: while condition {
     statements
 }

gameLoop: while square != finalSquare {
    diceRoll += 1
    if diceRoll == 7 { diceRoll = 1 }
    switch square + diceRoll {
    case finalSquare:
        // 骰子数刚好使玩家移动到最终的方格里，游戏结束。
        break gameLoop// 结束标签标记的循环体
    case let newSquare where newSquare > finalSquare:
        // 骰子数将会使玩家的移动超出最后的方格，那么这种移动是不合法的，玩家需要重新掷骰子
        continue gameLoop// 结束【本次】标签标记的循环，开始下一次循环
    default:
        // 合法移动，做正常的处理
        square += diceRoll
        square += board[square]
    }
}
print("Game over!")
  • 如果上述的 break 语句没有使用 gameLoop 标签，那么它将会中断 switch 语句而不是 while 循环
  • 因为在这个游戏中，只有一个循环体，所以 continue 语句会影响到哪个循环体是没有歧义的，不是必须的

提前退出

func greet(person: [String: String]) {
    guard let name = person["name"] else {
        return
    }


    print("Hello \(name)!")


    guard let location = person["location"] else {
        print("I hope the weather is nice near you.")
        return
    }


    print("I hope the weather is nice in \(location).")
}


greet(person: ["name": "John"])
// 输出“Hello John!”
// 输出“I hope the weather is nice near you.”
greet(person: ["name": "Jane", "location": "Cupertino"])
// 输出“Hello Jane!”
// 输出“I hope the weather is nice in Cupertino.”

检测 API 可用性

if #available(iOS 10, macOS 10.12, *) {
    // 在 iOS 使用 iOS 10 的 API, 在 macOS 使用 macOS 10.12 的 API
} else {
    // 使用先前版本的 iOS 和 macOS 的 API
}

if #available(平台名称 版本号, ..., *) {
    APIs 可用，语句将执行
} else {
    APIs 不可用，语句将不执行
}
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