19年考研英语周测解析

2018-05-29  本文已影响0人  簡單_0a84

A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people.

Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability.

Accountability isn’t hard to define. It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences.

Of the many values that hold civilization together—honesty, kindness, and so on—accountability may be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no law—and, ultimately, no society.

My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows, external controls on people’s behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment.

Fortunately there are still communities—smaller towns, usually—where schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: “In this family certain things are not tolerated—they simply are not done! ”

Yet more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs, these inner restraints are loosening. Your typical robber has none. He considers your property his property; he takes what he wants, including your life if you enrage him.

The main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, it’s the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didn’t teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didn’t provide a stable home.

I don’t believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything.

We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it.

文章总体结构分析

本文从一名警察的角度分析了美国社会中犯罪活动猖獗的原因。指出:将犯罪行为归咎于外部环境因素是犯罪活动猖獗的主要原因,从而提出,更多的人应该认识到,真正该为犯罪行为负责的是罪犯自己。

第一到四段为第一部分:指出责任感对社会的重要性。

第五到九段为第二部分:指出现在大城市中正在忽略的自律恰恰是抑制犯罪的最有效方法。而人们为将犯罪行为归结于社会环境等外部因素恰恰是助长了罪犯拒绝承担责任的现象,从而导致了犯罪活动的猖獗。

第十段为第三部分:作者指出:更多的人应该认识到该为犯罪行为负责的是罪犯自己。

16. What the wise man said suggests that_____. 16. 智者的话表明_________。

[A] it’s unnecessary for good people to do anything in face of evil [A] 面对邪恶,好人什么都不必做

[B] it’s certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about it [B] 若好人无动于衷,邪恶就会猖獗

[C] it’s only natural for virtue to defeat evil [C] 善自然会战胜恶

[D] it’s desirable for good men to keep away from evil [D] 好人应该远离邪恶

[分析]本题考核知识点:根据文章内容理解句子。

本文以一句智者的话“邪恶的胜利就是善良之人无所作为”引入主题。从下文来看,作者主要论述的内容是:人们对罪犯不应该再采取纵容的态度,为他们的犯罪行为寻找借口,而应该认识到真正对犯罪行为负责的应该是罪犯本人。[B]和文中内容一致,为正确选项。

[A]、[D]与智者的话意思相反。[C]文中未提到。

17. According to the author, if a person is found guilty of a crime,_____________. 17. 作者认为,若有人被发现有罪,则__________.

[A] society is to be held responsible [A] 社会应该对此负责

[B] modern civilization is responsible for it [B] 现代文明应该对此负责

[C] the criminal himself should bear the blame [C] 罪犯本人应该为此负责

[D] the standards of living should be improved [D] 生活水平应该提高

[分析] 本题考核知识点:因果细节题。

解本题的信息主要在本文最后三段(第八到十段);第八段对过去和现在人们看待犯罪的态度进行了比较。第九段作者对现在将犯罪行为归结于外部因素的观点提出质疑;最后一段中作者指出,罪犯本人应该对自己的犯罪行为负责。所以[C]为正确选项。

[A]、[B]、[D]都是外部原因归结论,是作者所批判的观点。第八、九段指出,把犯罪行为归因于父母、社会、生活水平的态度恰恰导致了犯罪活动的猖獗。

18. Compared with those in small towns, people in large cities have________. 18. 和小城镇相比,大城市的人________。

[A] less self-discipline [A] 缺少自我约束

[B] better sense of discipline [B] 有更好的自律精神

[C] more mutual respect [C] 更互相尊重

[D] less effective government [D] 缺少一个有效的政府

[分析] 本题考核内容:事实细节题。

第六、七段对比了大城市和小城市人们的自我约束性,指出,生活在小城镇(smaller towns)还在强调纪律(schools maintain discipline,parents hold up standard),而大城市里自我约束力非常松散(inner restraints are loosening)。所以,[A]符合原文内容。

[B]和原文内容相反。[C]、[D]本文未提及。

19. The writer is sorry to have noticed that_______. 19.作者感到遗憾是因为看到_____________。

[A] people in large cities tend to excuse criminals [A]大城市的人常常为罪犯找借口

[B] people in small towns still stick to old discipline and standards [B]小城镇的人坚守老的纪律和标准

[C] today’s society lacks sympathy for people in difficulty [C]现代社会缺少对于困境中的人的同情

[D] people in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal activities [D]环境不好的人会进行犯罪活动

[分析]本题考核知识点:细节理解推理题。

第八段指出:导致犯罪活动猖獗的原因(The main cause of this break-down)是人们对罪犯态度的改变。三十年前,社会被认为是犯罪活动的受害者,而三十年后的今天,罪犯反倒被认为是受害者:教育环境不好,家庭环境不利于成长等。这说明,令作者感到遗憾的是人们为罪犯找借口的态度。[A]为正确选项。

第六段介绍小镇的人对纪律和标准的坚持是作者所赞赏的,排除[B]。[C]在本文中未提及。[D]和作者的观点相反:第八、九段的内容说明,作者不认为成长环境恶劣是走向犯罪的理由。

20. The key point of the passage is that______. 20. 文章主要说明_____________。

[A] stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and families [A] 学校和家庭中应该保持更严格的纪律

[B] more good examples should be set for people to follow [B] 应该为人们树立更多学习榜样

[C] more restrictions should be imposed on people’s behavior [C] 对人们的行为应该加以更多控制

[D] more people should accept the value of accountability [D] 更多人应该接受“责任感”这一价值观

[分析]本题考核知识点:文章主旨题。

文章第二段指出,责任感在人们价值观念中的淡化是非常错误的(Something has gone terribly wron)。第三、四段给出责任感的定义并指出,没有责任感也就没有社会的存在。第五段作者以警察的身份指出自我约束的重要行。第六、七段比较了人们对犯罪的态度的变化。第八段指出:人们将犯罪归咎于外部因素的态度导致人们责任感的降低,从而导致犯罪活动的猖獗。最后两段中指出,不让罪犯为自己的犯罪行为负责会导致所有的人都拒绝承担责任。更多的人应该相信:该为犯罪活动承担责任的是罪犯本人。综合作者观点,可以得出,本文旨在说明,更多的人应该接受责任感。因此[D]正确。

[A]虽然在第六段中提及,但不是文章的主要观点。[C]和原文内容不符:第五段指出,作者认为对控制人们行为真正有效的是内部约束力,而不是来自于外界的控制。[B]文中未提及。

全文翻译

一位智者曾说过,邪恶的胜利就是善良之人无所作为。所以,所为一名警察,我有一些话急需告诉善良的人们。

日复一日,我和我的同事尽力控制犯罪的蔓延。我们曾经引以为荣的美国生活方式出现了可怕的问题。这个问题处在我们的价值观方面。一个关键的成分正在消失,我想,我知道它是什么——责任感。

责任感不难定义。它指的是人人要对其行为负责,并承担其行为造成的后果。

责任感可能是形成文明的众多观价值观 (善良,仁慈等)中最重要的一个。没有它,就没有尊重、信任、法律——最终也就没有社会的存在。

作为一名警察,我的工作就是把责任感强行加到那些拒绝承担、或自己没有学会承担责任的人身上。但正如每一位警察都知道的,对人行为的外部控制远不如自我约束(如罪恶感,羞耻心和难为情)有效。

幸运的是,在一些区域——通常是小城镇里,学校还维护纪律,父母还坚持原则,称“有些事情在我们家是不能容忍的——你们绝不能去那样做!”

但在越来越多的地方,尤其是大城市和郊区,这些自我约束力日渐松懈。抢劫犯不再是你认为的抢劫犯。他认为你的财产就是他的财产;他拿走他想要的一切,当你触怒他时,他甚至会拿走你的生命。

人们态度的根本变化造成了局面的完全崩溃。30年前,若有罪行发生,人们认为受害者是社会。现在,人们的态度发生了惊人的变化:最犯被认为是受害者——童年饱受贫困折磨,学校没有教他读书,教堂没有给他以道德上的引导,父母没有给他提供一个安定的家。

我不相信这些。同样不利的环境中长大的另外一些人为什么没有选择去犯罪?不让罪犯承担责任,甚至降低他们应承的责任,都会让我们的社会变成一个满是借口的社会,没有人愿意为任何事情承担责任。

美国急待更多的人相信:应该为犯罪行为负责的人是罪犯自己。

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