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哲学家就餐问题与死锁总结

2017-10-10  本文已影响1636人  icecrea

死锁的四个条件:
(1) 互斥条件:一个资源每次只能被一个进程使用。
(2) 请求与保持条件:一个进程因请求资源而阻塞时,对已获得的资源保持不放。
(3) 不剥夺条件:进程已获得的资源,在末使用完之前,不能强行剥夺。
(4) 循环等待条件:若干进程之间形成一种头尾相接的循环等待资源关系

先写一个会造成死锁的哲学家问题。当所有哲学家同时决定进餐,拿起左边筷子时候,就发生了死锁。

public class test {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
        int sum = 5;
        Chopstick[] chopsticks = new Chopstick[sum];
        for (int i = 0; i < sum; i++) {
            chopsticks[i] = new Chopstick();
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < sum; i++) {
            exec.execute(new Philosopher(chopsticks[i], chopsticks[(i + 1) % sum]));
        }
    }
}

// 筷子
class Chopstick {
    public Chopstick() {
    }
}
class Philosopher implements Runnable {

    private Chopstick left;
    private Chopstick right;

    public Philosopher(Chopstick left, Chopstick right) {
        this.left = left;
        this.right = right;
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        try {
            while (true) {
                Thread.sleep(1000);//思考一段时间
                synchronized (left) {
                    synchronized (right) {
                        Thread.sleep(1000);//进餐一段时间
                    }
                }
            } 
            }
            catch (InterruptedException e) {
                // TODO Auto-generated catch block
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
    }

}

解决方案一:破坏死锁的循环等待条件
不再按左手边右手边顺序拿起筷子。选择一个固定的全局顺序获取,此处给筷子添加id,根据id从小到大获取,(不用关心编号的具体规则,只要保证编号是全局唯一并且有序的),不会出现死锁情况。

public class test {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
        int sum = 5;
        Chopstick[] chopsticks = new Chopstick[sum];
        for (int i = 0; i < sum; i++) {
            chopsticks[i] = new Chopstick(i);
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < sum; i++) {
            exec.execute(new Philosopher(chopsticks[i], chopsticks[(i + 1) % sum]));
        }
    }
}

// 筷子
class Chopstick {

    //状态
    private int id;

    public Chopstick(int id) {
        this.id=id;
    }

    public int getId() {
        return id;
    }

    public void setId(int id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    
}

// 哲学家
class Philosopher implements Runnable {

    private Chopstick left;
    private Chopstick right;

    public Philosopher(Chopstick left, Chopstick right) {
        if(left.getId()<right.getId()){
            this.left = left;this.right = right;
        }else{
            this.left=right;this.right=left;
        }
    }
    
    @Override
    public void run() {
        try {
            while (true) {
                Thread.sleep(1000);//思考一段时间
                synchronized (left) {
                    synchronized (right) {
                        Thread.sleep(1000);//进餐一段时间
                    }
                }
            } 
            }
            catch (InterruptedException e) {
                // TODO Auto-generated catch block
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
    }

}

方法二:破坏死锁的请求与保持条件,使用lock的特性,为获取锁操作设置超时时间。这样不会死锁(至少不会无尽的死锁)

class Philosopher extends Thread{
    private ReentrantLock left,right;

    public Philosopher(ReentrantLock left, ReentrantLock right) {
        super();
        this.left = left;
        this.right = right;
    }
    public void run(){
        try {
            while(true){
                Thread.sleep(1000);//思考一段时间
                left.lock();
                try{
                    if(right.tryLock(1000,TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)){
                        try{
                            Thread.sleep(1000);//进餐一段时间
                        }finally {
                            right.unlock();
                        }
                    }else{
                        //没有获取到右手的筷子,放弃并继续思考
                    }
                }finally {
                    left.unlock();
                }
            }
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
        }
    }
}

方法三:设置一个条件遍历与一个锁关联。该方法只用一把锁,没有chopstick类,将竞争从对筷子的争夺转换成了对状态的判断。仅当左右邻座都没有进餐时才可以进餐。提升了并发度。前面的方法出现情况是:只有一个哲学家进餐,其他人持有一根筷子在等待另外一根。这个方案中,当一个哲学家理论上可以进餐(邻座没有进餐),他肯定可以进餐。

public class Philosopher extends Thread{

    private boolean eating;
    private Philosopher left;
    private Philosopher right;
    private ReentrantLock lock;
    private Condition condition;
    
    public Philosopher(ReentrantLock lock){
        eating =false;
        this.lock=lock;
        condition=lock.newCondition();
    }
            
    public void setLeft(Philosopher left) {
        this.left = left;
    }

    public void setRight(Philosopher right) {
        this.right = right;
    }

    public void think() throws InterruptedException{
        lock.lock();
        try {
            eating=false;
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"开始思考");
            left.condition.signal();
            right.condition.signal();
        } finally{
            lock.unlock();
        }
        Thread.sleep(1000);
    }

    public void eat() throws InterruptedException{
        lock.lock();
        try {
            while(left.eating||right.eating)
                condition.await();
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"开始吃饭");
            eating=true;
        } finally {
            // TODO: handle finally clause
            lock.unlock();
        }
        Thread.sleep(1000);
    }
    
    public void run(){
        try{
            while(true){
                think();
                eat();
            }
        }catch(InterruptedException e){}
    }
    
}
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