语法笔记—可做主语的词类

2016-05-07  本文已影响0人  kyo_young

学习资料:赖氏经典英语语法

<a id="noun">名词作主语</a>

例:

Gold is of much value.
----
(黄金很值钱。)

<a id="gerund">动名词作主语</a>

用动名词作主语,通常用以表示 已知的事实曾经做过的经历,例:

Collecting stamps is one of his hobbies.
-----------------
(集邮是他的爱好之一。)

<a id="infinitive">不定式作主语</a>

用不定式作主语,通常表示一种 意愿目的未完成的事。例:

To study abroad is my greatest desire.
---------------
(出国读书是我最大的愿望。)

<a id="noun_clauses">名词性从句作主语</a>

句子绝不能当主语,一定要变成名词性从句方可作主语。例:

That he doesn't study makes me angry.
---------------------
(他不学习令我生气。)

名词性从句一共有三种:

<a id="that_clauses">1)that 从句</a>

任何一个主语起首的句子前面冠以 that,即成 that 从句,例:

   He doesn't believe my words.(句子)
   --
-> that he doesn't believe my words(名词性从句)
   ----
   (他不相信我说的话)

注意:that 从句 不可 作介词的宾语,例:

I am sure of that the team has won the game.(✘)
          -- ------------------------------

遇有介词,且非要使用 that 从句时,方法如下:

<a id="the_fact_that">a)介词 + the fact + that 从句</a>

如此,就可用 the fact 作介词的宾语,而 that 从句就成了 the fact 的同位语,例:

I am worried about the fact that he doesn't study.
             ----- -------- ---------------------
(我担心他不学习。)

<a id="gerund_that">b)that 后的主语变成所有格,动词变成动名词,把 that 去掉</a>

例:

   I am worried about that he plays around all day.(✘)
-> I am worried about his playing around all day.
                ----- --- -------
   (我为他整天游手好闲而担心。)

that 从句若有助动词 do、dose、did 或 will、would 时,予以去掉即可,例:

   I am worried about that he doesn't study.(✘)
-> I am worried about his not studying.
                ----- --- --- --------
   (我担心他不学习。)

that 从句若有 may 或 can 助动词时,将主语变所有格,并做如下变化:

may -> being likely to

can -> being able to

   I am happy about that he may come.(✘)
-> I am happy about his being likely to come.
              ----- --- ---------------
   (我很高兴他可能会来。)
   
   I am sure of that he can do it.(✘)
-> I am sure of his being able to do it.
             -- --- -------------
   (我确定他能做这件事。)

<a id="adj_that">c)be + adj. + that 从句</a>

去掉介词,将 that 从句放在形容词后面,做其宾语。

   I am worried about that he plays around all day.(✘)
-> I am worried that he plays around all day.
        ------- ----------------------------
   (我为他整天游手好闲而担心。)

注意:

有时介词之后亦可直接接 that 从句,形成惯用语,而不需加 the fact。

in that = because 因为

例:He is talented in that he can speak five different languages.

(他很有才华,因为他能说五种语言。)

except that 只可惜;除了……

例:He is nice except that sometimes he lies.

(他人很不错,只可惜有时会说谎。)

notwithstanding that 尽管

= despite the fact that

= in spite of the fact that

例:Notwithstanding that he is nice, I don't like him.

= Despite the fact that he is nice, I don't like him.

= In spite of the fact that he is nice, I don't like him.

(尽管他人好,我却不喜欢他。)

<a id="wheter_clauses">2)whether 从句</a>

本从句是由一般疑问句(可用 yes / no 回答的问句)变化而成。

a)问句有 be 动词时

主语与 be 动词还原,前面冠以 whether,例:

   Is he happy?(问句)
   -----
-> whether he is happy(名词性从句)
   -------------
   (他是否快乐)

b)问句有一般助动词(can、will、may、should、ought to、must、have)时

主语与助动词还原,前面冠以 whether,例:

   Can he do it?(问句)
   ------
-> whether he can do it(名词性从句)
   -------------
   (他是否能做这件事)

c)问句有do、does、did 等助动词时

主语与助动词还原,再将 do、does、did 去掉,后面的动词依人称和时态变化,前面冠以 whether,例:

   Did he come?
   ------
-> whether he came(他是否来了)
   -------    ----
   (did 为一般过去时,故 come 改为过去式 came)

<a id="interrogative_clauses">3)疑问词从句</a>

本从句是由特殊疑问句(由when、what、how、where、why)等引导的问句变化而成。

a)问句有 be 动词时

主语与 be 动词还原,前面保留疑问词,例:

   What is he doing?(问句)
   ---- -----
-> what he is doing(名词性从句)
   ---- -----
   (他正在做什么?)

b)问句有一般助动词(can、will、may、should、ought to、must、have)时

主语与助动词还原,前面保留疑问词,例:

   Where can he find it?(问句)
   ----- ------
-> where he can find it(名词性从句)
   ----- ------
   (他在哪里能找到它?)

c)问句有do、does、did 等助动词时

主语与助动词还原,前面保留疑问词,再将 do、does、did 去掉,动词依人称和时态变化,例:

   What did he write?
   ---- ------
-> what he wrote?
   ----    -----
   (did 为一般过去时,故 write 改为过去式 wrote)

注意:
疑问代词 who、what、which 在问句中作主语,变成名词性从句时,结构不变。
例:

   Who came here?(问句)
   ---
-> who came here(名词性从句)
   ---

<a id="pronoun">代词作主语</a>

例:

He always keeps his promise.
--
(他总是信守承诺。)

动名词、不定式短语或名词性从句作主语时,往往会形成主语太长的现象,故通常用代词 it 作形式主语,置于聚首,而将真正主语(即动名词、不定式或名词性从句)移至句尾。

  Collecting stamps is one of his hobbies.
  -----------------
= It is one of his hobbies to collect stamps.
  --                       -----------------
  To study abroad is my greatest desire.
  ---------------
= It is my greatest desire to study abroad.
  --                       ---------------
  Where he lives is still in doubt.
  --------------
= It is still in doubt where he lives.
  --                   --------------

特殊用法:

It is no use + 动名词短语

= It is useless + 不定式短语

= It is of no use + 不定式短语

= There is no use/sense/point in + 动名词短语

例:It is useless to cry over spilt milk.

= It is of no use to cry over spilt milk.

= There is no use in crying over spilt milk.

(覆水难收。)

<a id="noun_phrase">名词短语作主语</a>

名词短语是由 “疑问词 + 不定式短语” 形成。

疑问副词

注意:why 不能形成名词短语,只能作疑问词从句

疑问代词

例:

How to handle the problem depends on how much money we can collect.
-------------------------
(我们如何处理这问题要视我们能募集到多少钱而定。)

Which to buy is not decided yet.
------------
(买哪一个还没决定。)

<a id="adverbial_phrase">表距离或时间的副词短语</a>

表示距离或时间的副词短语,亦可作主语,与单数的 be 动词连用。

from + 地方名词 + to + 地方名词

from + 时间 + to / till + 时间

例:

  From Shanghai to Beijing is about 1000 kilometers.
  ------------------------
= It is about 1000 kilometers from Shanghai to Beijing.
  --                          ------------------------
  (从上海到北京大约1000公里。)
  
  
  From 1990 till 2003 is a long period of time.
  -------------------
= It is a long period of time from 1990 till 2003.
  --                          -------------------
  (从1990年到2003年是一段很长的时间。)
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