A Quick Guide to Using the MySQL

2018-01-11 本文已影响0人 duyi324

标签： MySQL APT Repository

【来自：https://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql-apt-repo-quick-guide/en/】

Abstract

This is a quick guide to using the MySQL APT repository, which provides deb packages for installing and managing the MySQL server, client, and other components on the following Linux platforms:

Debian 7.x (“Wheezy”)
Debian 8.x (“Jessie”)
Debian 9.x ("Stretch")
Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (“Trusty Tahr”)
Ubuntu 16.04 (“Xenial Xerus”)
Ubuntu 17.04 (“Zesty Zapu”)
Ubuntu 17.10 (“Artful Aardvark”)

For legal information, see the Legal Notices.

For help with using MySQL, please visit either the MySQL Forums or MySQL Mailing Lists, where you can discuss your issues with other MySQL users.

For additional documentation on MySQL products, including translations of the documentation into other languages, and downloadable versions in variety of formats, including HTML and PDF formats, see the MySQL Documentation Library.

Document generated on: 2018-01-06 (revision: 55374)

Table of Contents

Steps for a Fresh Installation of MySQL

Note
The following instructions assume that no versions of MySQL (whether distributed by Oracle or other parties) have already been installed on your system; if that is not the case, follow the instructions given in Replacing a Native Distribution of MySQL Using the MySQL APT Repository or Replacing a MySQL Server Installed by a Direct deb Package Download instead.

1.Adding the MySQL APT Repository

First, add the MySQL APT repository to your system's software repository list. Follow these steps:

Go to the download page for the MySQL APT repository at http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/repo/apt/.
Select and download the release package for your Linux distribution.
Install the downloaded release package with the following command, replacing version-specific-package-name with the name of the downloaded package (preceded by its path, if you are not running the command inside the folder where the package is):

shell> sudo dpkg -i /PATH/version-specific-package-name.deb

For example, for version w.x.y-z of the package, the command is:

shell> sudo dpkg -i mysql-apt-config_w.x.y-z_all.deb

Note that the same package works on all supported Debian and Ubuntu platforms.

During the installation of the package, you will be asked to choose the versions of the MySQL server and other components (for example, the MySQL Workbench) that you want to install. If you are not sure which version to choose, do not change the default options selected for you. You can also choose none if you do not want a particular component to be installed. After making the choices for all components, choose Ok to finish the configuration and installation of the release package.

You can always change your choices for the versions later; see Selecting a Major Release Version for instructions.

Update package information from the MySQL APT repository with the following command (this step is mandatory):

shell> sudo apt-get update

Instead of using the release package, you can also add and configure the MySQL APT repository manually; see Appendix A: Adding and Configuring the MySQL APT Repository Manually for details.

Note
Once the MySQL APT repository is enabled on your system, you will no longer be able to install any MySQL packages from your platform's native software repositories until the MySQL APT repository is disabled.

2.Installing MySQL with APT

Install MySQL by the following command:

shell> sudo apt-get install mysql-server

This installs the package for the MySQL server, as well as the packages for the client and for the database common files.

During the installation, you are asked to supply a password for the root user for your MySQL installation.

Important
Make sure you remember the root password you set. Users who want to set a password later can leave the password field blank in the dialogue box and just press Ok; in that case, root access to the server will be authenticated by Socket Peer-Credential Pluggable Authentication for connections using a Unix socket file. You can set the root password later using the program mysql_secure_installation.

3.Starting and Stopping the MySQL Server

The MySQL server is started automatically after installation. You can check the status of the MySQL server with the following command:

shell> sudo service mysql status

Stop the MySQL server with the following command:

shell> sudo service mysql stop

To restart the MySQL server, use the following command:

shell> sudo service mysql start

Note
A few third-party native repository packages that have dependencies on the native MySQL packages may not work with the MySQL APT repository packages and should not be used together with them; these include akonadi-backend-mysql, handlersocket-mysql-5.5, and zoneminder.

Selecting a Major Release Version
By default, all installations and upgrades for your MySQL server and the other required components come from the release series of the major version you have selected during the installation of the configuration package (see Adding the MySQL APT Repository). However, you can switch to another supported major release series at any time by reconfiguring the configuration package you have installed. Use the following command:

shell> sudo dpkg-reconfigure mysql-apt-config

A dialogue box then asks you to choose the major release version you want. Make your selection and choose Ok. After returning to the command prompt, update package information from the MySQL APT repository with this command:

shell> sudo apt-get update

The latest version in the selected series will then be installed when you use the apt-get install command next time.

You can use the same method to change the version for any other MySQL component you want to install with the MySQL APT repository.

Installing Additional MySQL Products and Components
You can use APT to install individual components of MySQL from the MySQL APT repository. Assuming you already have the MySQL APT repository on your system's repository list (see Adding the MySQL APT Repository for instructions), first, use the following command to get the latest package information from the MySQL APT repository:

shell> sudo apt-get update

Install any packages of your choice with the following command, replacing package-name with name of the package (here is a list of available packages):

shell> sudo apt-get install package-name

For example, to install the MySQL Workbench:

shell> sudo apt-get install mysql-workbench-community

To install the shared client libraries:

shell> sudo apt-get install libmysqlclient18

Installing MySQL from Source with the MySQL APT Repository

Note
This feature is only supported on 64-bit systems.

You can download the source code for MySQL and build it using the MySQL APT Repository:

Add the MySQL APT repository to your system's repository list and choose the major release series you want (see Adding the MySQL APT Repository for instructions).
Update package information from the MySQL APT repository with the following command (this step is mandatory):

shell> sudo apt-get update

Install packages that the build process depends on:

shell> sudo apt-get build-dep mysql-server

Download the source code for the major components of MySQL and then build them (run this command in the folder in which you want the downloaded files and the builds to be located):

shell> apt-get source -b mysql-server

deb packages for installing the various MySQL components are created.

Pick the deb packages for the MySQL components you need and install them with the command:

shell> sudo dpkg -i package-name.deb

Notice that dependency relationships exist among the MySQL packages. For a basic installation of the MySQL server, install the database common files package, the client package, the client metapackage, the server package, and the server metapackage (in that order) with the following steps:

Preconfigure the MySQL server package with the following command:

shell> sudo dpkg-preconfigure mysql-community-server_version-and-platform-specific-part.deb

You will be asked to provide a password for the root user for your MySQL installation; see important information on root password given in Installing MySQL with APT above. You might also be asked other questions regarding the installation.

Install the required packages with a single command:

shell> sudo dpkg -i mysql-{common,community-client,client,community-server,server}_*.deb

If you are being warned of unmet dependencies by dpkg, you can fix them using apt-get:

sudo apt-get -f install

Here are where the files are installed on the system:

All configuration files (like my.cnf) are under /etc/mysql
All binaries, libraries, headers, etc., are under /usr/bin and /usr/sbin
The data directory is under /var/lib/mysql

See also information given in Starting and Stopping the MySQL Server.

Upgrading MySQL with the MySQL APT Repository

Notes

Before performing any upgrade to MySQL, follow carefully the instructions in Upgrading MySQL. Among other instructions discussed there, it is especially important to back up your database before the upgrade.

The following instructions assume that MySQL has been installed on your system using the MySQL APT repository; if that is not the case, follow the instructions given in Replacing a Native Distribution of MySQL Using the MySQL APT Repository or Replacing a MySQL Server Installed by a Direct deb Package Download instead. Also notice that you cannot use the MySQL APT repository to upgrade a distribution of MySQL that you have installed from a nonnative software repository (for example, from MariaDB or Percona).

Use the MySQL APT repository to perform an in-place upgrade for your MySQL installation (that is, replacing the old version and then running the new version off the old data files) by following these steps:

Make sure you already have the MySQL APT repository on your system's repository list (see Adding the MySQL APT Repository for instructions).
Make sure you have the most up-to-date package information on the MySQL APT repository by running:

shell> sudo apt-get update

Note that, by default, the MySQL APT repository will update MySQL to the release series you have selected when you were adding the MySQL APT repository to your system. If you want to upgrade to another release series, select it by following the steps given in Selecting a Major Release Version.

As a general rule, to upgrade from one release series to another, go to the next series rather than skipping a series. For example, if you are currently running MySQL 5.5 and wish to upgrade to a newer series, upgrade to MySQL 5.6 first before upgrading to 5.7, and so on.

Important

For important information about upgrading from MySQL 5.5 to 5.6, see Upgrading from MySQL 5.5 to 5.6.

For important information about upgrading from MySQL 5.6 to 5.7, see Upgrading from MySQL 5.6 to 5.7.

For important information about upgrading from MySQL 5.7 to 8.0, see Upgrading from MySQL 5.7 to 8.0.

In-place downgrading of MySQL is not supported by the MySQL APT repository. Follow the instructions in Downgrading MySQL.

Upgrade MySQL by the following command:

shell> sudo apt-get install mysql-server

The MySQL server, client, and the database common files are upgraded if newer versions are available. To upgrade any other MySQL package, use the same apt-get install command and supply the name for the package you want to upgrade:

shell> sudo apt-get install package-name

To see the names of the packages you have installed from the MySQL APT repository, use the following command:

shell> dpkg -l | grep mysql | grep ii

Note
If you perform a system-wide upgrade by the apt-get upgrade, only the library and development packages for MySQL will get upgraded with newer versions (if available). To upgrade other components including the server, client, test suite, etc., use the apt-get install command, as explained precedingly.

The MySQL server always restarts after an update by APT. Once the server restarts, you should run mysql_upgrade to check and possibly resolve any incompatibilities between the old data and the upgraded software. mysql_upgrade also performs other functions; see mysql_upgrade — Check and Upgrade MySQL Tables for details.

Replacing a Native Distribution of MySQL Using the MySQL APT Repository
Variants and forks of MySQL are distributed by different parties through their own software repositories or download sites. You can replace a native distribution of MySQL installed from your Linux platform's software repository with a distribution from the MySQL APT repository in a few steps.

Note
The MySQL APT repository can only replace distributions of MySQL maintained and distributed by Debian or Ubuntu. It cannot replace any MySQL forks found either inside or outside of the distributions' native repositories. To replace such MySQL forks, you have to uninstall them first before you install MySQL using the MySQL APT repository. Follow the instructions for uninstallation from the forks' distributors and, before you proceed, make sure you back up your data and you know how to restore them to a new server.

Warning
A few third-party native repository packages that have dependencies on the native MySQL packages may not work with the MySQL APT repository packages and should not be used together with them; these include akonadi-backend-mysql, handlersocket-mysql-5.5, and zoneminder.

1.Backing Up Your Database
To avoid loss of data, always back up your database before trying to replace your MySQL installation using the MySQL APT repository. See Backup and Recovery for instructions.

2.Adding the MySQL APT Repository and Selecting a Release Series
Add the MySQL APT repository to your system's repository list and select the release series you want by following the instructions given in Adding the MySQL APT Repository.

3.Replacing the Native Distribution by an APT Update
By design, the MySQL APT repository replaces your native distribution of MySQL when you perform upgrades on the MySQL packages. To perform the upgrades, follow the same instructions given in Step 4 in Upgrading MySQL with the MySQL APT Repository.

Warning
Once the native distribution of MySQL has been replaced using the MySQL APT repository, purging the old MySQL packages from the native repository using the apt-get purge, apt-get remove --purge, or dpkg -P command might impact the newly installed MySQL server in various ways. Therefore, do not purge the old MySQL packages from the native repository packages.

Replacing a MySQL Server Installed by a Direct deb Package Download
deb packages from MySQL for installing the MySQL server and its components can either be downloaded from the MySQL Developer Zone's MySQL Download page or from the MySQL APT repository. The deb packages from the two sources are different, and they install and configure MySQL in different ways.

If you have installed MySQL with the MySQL Developer Zone's deb packages and now want to replace the installation using the ones from the MySQL APT repository, follow these steps:

Back up your database. See Backup and Recovery for instructions.

Follow the steps given previously for adding the MySQL APT repository.

Remove the old installation of MySQL by running:

shell> sudo dpkg -P mysql
Install MySQL from the MySQL APT repository:

shell> sudo apt-get install mysql-server
If needed, restore the data on the new MySQL installation. See Backup and Recovery for instructions.

Removing MySQL with APT
To uninstall the MySQL server and the related components that have been installed using the MySQL APT repository, first, remove the MySQL server using the following command:

shell> sudo apt-get remove mysql-server
Then, remove any other software that was installed automatically with the MySQL server:

shell> sudo apt-get autoremove
To uninstall other components, use the following command, replacing package-name with the name of the package of the component you want to remove:

shell> sudo apt-get remove package-name
To see a list of packages you have installed from the MySQL APT repository, use the following command:

shell> dpkg -l | grep mysql | grep ii
Special Notes on Upgrading the Shared Client Libraries
You can install the shared client libraries from MySQL APT repository by the following command (see Installing Additional MySQL Products and Components with APT for more details):

shell> sudo apt-get install libmysqlclient20
If you already have the shared client libraries installed from you Linux platform's software repository, it can be updated by the MySQL APT repository with its own package by using the same command (see Replacing the Native Distribution by an APT Update for more details).

After updating MySQL using the APT repository, applications compiled with older versions of the shared client libraries should continue to work.

If you recompile applications and dynamically link them with the updated libraries: as typical with new versions of shared libraries, any applications compiled using the updated, newer shared libraries might require those updated libraries on systems where the applications are deployed. If those libraries are not in place, the applications requiring the shared libraries might fail. Therefore, it is recommended that the packages for the shared libraries from MySQL be deployed on those systems. You can do this by adding the MySQL APT repository to the systems (see Adding the MySQL APT Repository) and installing the latest shared client libraries using the command given at the beginning of this section.

Installing MySQL NDB Cluster Using the APT Repository
Notes
The MySQL APT repository supports installation of MySQL NDB Cluster only for release 7.5.6 and later, and only for Debian 7.x and 8.x, and Ubuntu 14.04 and 16.04. For other methods of installing NDB Cluster, see Installation of NDB Cluster on Linux, or Installation of NDB Cluster on Linux, depending on the release series that you are using.

If you already have the MySQL server or MySQL NDB Cluster installed on your system, make sure it is stopped and you have your data and configuration files backed up before proceeding.

Known issues: The MySQL NDB Cluster packages have dependencies on the python-paramiko and libclass-methodmaker-perl packages, which are currently NOT installed automatically when you install the NDB Cluster packages; install those required packages yourself with this command before installing the NDB Cluster packages:

shell> sudo apt-get install python-paramiko libclass-methodmaker-perl
Adding the MySQL APT Repository for MySQL NDB Cluster
Follow the steps in Adding the MySQL APT Repository to add the MySQL APT repository to your system's repository list. During the installation process of the configuration package, when you are asked which MySQL product you want to configure, choose “MySQL Server & Cluster”; when asked which version you wish to receive, choose “mysql-cluster-x.y.” After returning to the command prompt, go to Step 2 below.

If you already have the configuration package installed on your system, make sure it is up-to-date by running the following command:

shell> sudo apt-get install mysql-apt-config
Then, use the same method described in Selecting a Major Release Version to select MySQL NDB Cluster for installation. When you are asked which MySQL product you want to configure, choose “MySQL Server & Cluster”; when asked which version you wish to receive, choose “mysql-cluster-x.y.” After returning to the command prompt, update package information from the MySQL APT repository with this command:

shell> sudo apt-get update
Installing MySQL NDB Cluster
For a minimal installation of MySQL NDB Cluster, follow these steps:

Install the components for SQL nodes:

shell> sudo apt-get install mysql-cluster-community-server
You will be asked to provide a password for the root user for your SQL node; see important information on the root password given in Installing MySQL with APT above. You might also be asked other questions regarding the installation.

Install the executables for management nodes:

shell> sudo apt-get install mysql-cluster-community-management-server
Install the executables for data nodes:

shell> sudo apt-get install mysql-cluster-community-data-node
Configuring and Starting MySQL NDB Cluster
See Initial Configuration of NDB Cluster on how to configure MySQL NDB Cluster and Initial Startup of NDB Cluster on how to start it for the first time. When following those instructions, adjust them according to the following details regarding the SQL nodes of your NDB Cluster installation:

All configuration files (like my.cnf) are under /etc/mysql

All binaries, libraries, headers, etc., are under /usr/bin and /usr/sbin

The data directory is /var/lib/mysql

Installing Additional MySQL NDB Cluster Products and Components
You can use APT to install individual components and additional products of MySQL NDB Cluster from the MySQL APT repository (see Available Packages from the MySQL APT Repository for a list). To do that, assuming you already have the MySQL APT repository on your system's repository list (see Adding the MySQL Yum Repository for MySQL NDB Cluster), follow the same steps given in Installing Additional MySQL Products and Components with APT.

Note
Known issue: Currently, not all components required for running the MySQL NDB Cluster test suite are installed automatically when you install the test suite package (mysql-cluster-community-test). Install the following packages with apt-get install before you run the test suite:

mysql-cluster-community-auto-installer

mysql-cluster-community-management-server

mysql-cluster-community-data-node

mysql-cluster-community-memcached

mysql-cluster-community-java

ndbclient-dev

Available Packages from the MySQL APT Repository
Table 1 Available Packages from the MySQL APT Repository

Package Name Description
mysql-server

Metapackage for installing the MySQL server

mysql-community-server

MySQL server

mysql-client

Metapackage for installing the MySQL client

mysql-cluster-community-auto-installer

Auto installer for NDB Cluster

mysql-cluster-community-client

MySQL client for NDB Cluster

mysql-cluster-community-data-node

NDB Cluster data node

mysql-cluster-community-java

NDB Cluster Java drivers

mysql-cluster-community-management-server

NDB Cluster management node

mysql-cluster-community-memcached

NDB Cluster memcached server

mysql-cluster-community-server

MySQL server for NDB Cluster

mysql-cluster-community-source

Source package for NDB Cluster

mysql-cluster-community-test

NDB Cluster testsuite

mysql-community-client

MySQL client

mysql-common

MySQL database common files

libmysqlclient20

MySQL database client library

libmysqlclient-dev

MySQL database development files

libmysqld-dev

MySQL embedded database development files

mysql-testsuite

Metapackage for installing the MySQL test suite

mysql-community-test

MySQL test suite

mysql-community-bench

MySQL benchmark suite

mysql-community-source

MySQL source code

mysql-workbench-community
MySQL Workbench (not available for Debian platforms)

mysql-connector-python-py3
MySQL Connector/Python for Ubuntu 14.04, 14.10, and 15.04 with Python 3.2 or later

mysql-connector-python
MySQL Connector/Python for Debian 7.x or Debian 8.x with Python 2.6.3 or later, and for Ubuntu 14.04, 14.10, or 15.04 with Python 2.6.3 to 3.1

mysql-utilities MySQL Utilities (currently not available for Debian 8.x)
mysql-router MySQL Router
ndbclient NDB Cluster client
ndbclient-dev NDB Cluster client development library

Appendix A: Adding and Configuring the MySQL APT Repository Manually
Here are the steps for adding manually the MySQL APT repository to your system's software repository list and configuring it, without using the release packages provided by MySQL:

Download the MySQL GPG Public key (see Signature Checking Using GnuPG on how to do that) and save it to a file, without adding any spaces or special characters. Then, add the key to your system's GPG keyring with the following command:

shell> sudo apt-key add path/to/signature-file
Alternatively, you can download the GPG key to your APT keyring directly using the apt-key utility:

shell> sudo apt-key adv --keyserver pgp.mit.edu --recv-keys 5072E1F5
Create a file named /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mysql.list, and put into it repository entries in the following format:

deb http://repo.mysql.com/apt/{debian|ubuntu}/ {jessie|wheezy|trusty|utopic|vivid} {mysql-5.6|mysql-5.7|workbench-6.2|utilities-1.4|connector-python-2.0}
Pick the relevant options for your repository set up:

Choose “debian” or “ubuntu” according to whether you are on a Debian or Ubuntu platform.

Choose “jessie,” “ wheezy,” “trusty,” “utopic,” or “vivid,” according to the version of your operating system.

For installing MySQL server, client, and database common files, choose “mysql-5.6” or “mysql-5.7” according to the MySQL version you want. To switch to another release series later, come back and adjust the entry with your new choice.

Note
If you already have a version of MySQL installed on your system, do not choose a lower version at this step, or it might result in an unsupported downgrade operation.

For installing components like MySQL Workbench, MySQL Utilities, or MySQL Connector Python, create a single entry for each of them, specifying respectively “workbench-6.2,” “utilities-1.4,” or “connector-python-2.0” at the end of each entry.

As an example, for a Ubuntu 14.04 platform, here are the lines in your mysql.list files for installing MySQL 5.6 and MySQL Connector/Python from the MySQL APT repository:

deb http://repo.mysql.com/apt/ubuntu/ trusty mysql-5.6
deb http://repo.mysql.com/apt/ubuntu/ trusty connector-python-2.0
Use the following command to get the most up-to-date package information from the MySQL APT repository:

shell> sudo apt-get update
You have configured your system to use the MySQL APT repository and are now ready to continue with Installing MySQL with APT or Installing Additional MySQL Products and Components with APT.

Appendix B: Installing MySQL Non-interactively with MySQL APT Repository
For non-interactive installations of MySQL with the MySQL APT repository, answer the interactive questions asked by the server package by setting the relevant debconf variables in, for example, your installation script. These are the variables to set:

root_password: This is the root password for the server installation.

root_password_again: This is the root password, entered a second time for confirmation.

The following are steps from a sample script that set the debconf variables and then install MySQL non-interactively by setting the environment variable DEBIAN_FRONTEND to noninteractive:

sudo debconf-set-selections <<< "mysql-community-server mysql-community-server/root-pass password mypassword"
sudo debconf-set-selections <<< "mysql-community-server mysql-community-server/re-root-pass password mypassword"
sudo DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive apt-get -y install mysql-server
The password variables are erased automatically after MySQL has been installed, so they need to be set again if the installation is to be repeated.

Appendix C: Errors with Missing Entries in the Repository Sources List
Users who configured their systems some time ago with an early and now outdated version of the release package for the MySQL APT repository might see a warning similar to the one below when running the apt-get update command:

shell> sudo apt-get update
W: Failed to fetch http://repo.mysql.com/apt/ubuntu/dists/trusty/InRelease
Unable to find expected entry 'utilities-1.4/binary-amd64/Packages' in
Release file (Wrong sources.list entry or malformed file)
The apt-get update command fails with this, and it is no longer possible to update package information for the MySQL APT repository. This is due to outdated entries in the sources list, and you can resolve the problem by the following steps:

Delete the file /etc/apt/sources.list.d/mysql.list from your system. That removes all sources list entries for the MySQL APT repository.

Download and install the latest version of the release package for the MySQL repository by following the steps given in Adding the MySQL APT Repository, including the sudo apt-get update step. It reconfigures your system properly for using the MySQL APT repository.

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[37ml#repo-qg-apt-replace-direct

A Quick Guide to Using the MySQL

1.Adding the MySQL APT Repository

2.Installing MySQL with APT

3.Starting and Stopping the MySQL Server

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