Java

关于 Java 中的 HashMap 常见问题总结

2019-12-04  本文已影响0人  虹猫日志

1. HashMap的大小为什么必须是2的幂次

首先看下HashMap中定义的初始容量大小:

/**
 * The default initial capacity - MUST be a power of two.
 */
static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 1 << 4; // aka 16

我们一般使用空参构造,也就是说put的时候进行空间开辟,那么不妨看下代码是怎么做的:

//首先找到put源码
public V put(K key, V value) {
      return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true);
  }
//put调用了putVal进行跟进这里只拿一部分
final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,boolean evict) {
     Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i;
     if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
     n = (tab = resize()).length;//看到这里猜测没有初始化,调用resize()先进行初始化
     if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
........
//看看 resize()又是什么。结果直接看注释,就发现这里说明了为空使用默认值初始化,否则,我们使用的是2的幂扩展
/**
* Initializes or doubles table size.  If null, allocates in  
* accord with initial capacity target held in field threshold.
* Otherwise, because we are using power-of-two expansion, the
* elements from each bin must either stay at same index, or move
* with a power of two offset in the new table.
*
* @return the table
*/
final Node<K,V>[] resize() {
    Node<K,V>[] oldTab = table;
    int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length;
    int oldThr = threshold;
    int newCap, newThr = 0;
    if (oldCap > 0) {
        if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
            threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
            return oldTab;
        }
        else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY &&
                 oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY)
            newThr = oldThr << 1; // double threshold
    }
    else if (oldThr > 0) // initial capacity was placed in threshold
        newCap = oldThr;
    else {               // zero initial threshold signifies using defaults
        newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY;
        newThr = (int)(DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY);//不出意外就是这里
    }
........

到此应该明了空参默认为什么是大小为16,而且是大小是2的幂次。
接着我们看看有参构造是怎么做的:

public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
    if (initialCapacity < 0)
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal initial capacity: " +
                                           initialCapacity);
    if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
        initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
    if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal load factor: " +
                                           loadFactor);
    this.loadFactor = loadFactor;
   //上述是一堆判断,这里tableSizeFor明显是表大小的关键
    this.threshold = tableSizeFor(initialCapacity);
}
// 跟进tableSizeFor方法
/**
* Returns a power of two size for the given target capacity. (返回给定目标容量的两倍幂)
*/
static final int tableSizeFor(int cap) {
    int n = -1 >>> Integer.numberOfLeadingZeros(cap - 1);
    return (n < 0) ? 1 : (n >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ? MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : n + 1;
}

看完有参构造后发现,tableSizeFor方法将你给定的大小扩容两倍幂。关键是为么都要使用2的幂,我们来看最关键的代码。

if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
    n = (tab = resize()).length;
//i = (n - 1) & hash 这是关键
if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
    tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);

解释:只有当大小是2的n次方,length-1的值进行转换,后面的二进制位全为1,进行按位与运算才能非常快速的拿到数组的下标,分别放在不同的哈希桶中(index = key值 (n - 1) & hash ≈ hash % n)。二进制的运算速度远高于取模,结果分布还是均匀的。

2. HashMap的负载因子为什么默认为0.75

负载说明

3. HashMap在什么情况下链表结构改用树结构

取值说明

本文是个人初次源码解析,如有错误还请指正

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