Python3收发邮件(smtplib、email、poplib
2021-03-26 本文已影响0人
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一、发送邮件
- 发送邮件使用SMTP协议【Simple Mail Transfer Protocol简单的邮件传输协议】,SMTP协议是SMTP客户端与SMTP服务器之间的通信协议。
- python中发送邮件使用的模块有smtplib和email:
使用smtplib模块进行发送邮件;
使用email模块来添加发送的邮件内容。
1. smtplib模块
导入模块:import smtplib
1.1. 创建SMTP对象
smtplib.SMTP
和smtplib.SMTP_SSL
:均可以用来创建SMTP对象;
smtplib.SMTP_SSL
:使用安全加密的SSL协议连接到SMTP服务器;
smtplib.SMTP
:没有进行安全加密。
故若待测试邮箱不允许使用非SSL和非TLS频道通信时,则无法使用smtp.SMTP方式来创建客户端对象。
【查看邮箱的通信方式:邮箱设置菜单中,查看邮箱的接收服务器和发送服务器信息。】
如:腾讯企业邮箱
接收服务器:
imap.exmail.qq.com(使用SSL,端口号993)
发送服务器:
smtp.exmail.qq.com(使用SSL,端口号465)
- smtplib.SMTP(host, port, local_hostname, timeout, source_address)
- smtplib.SMTP_SSL(host, port, local_hostname, keyfile, certfile, timeout, source_address, context)
创建SMTP对象。
host:SMTP发送服务器主机
port:SMTP服务器端哭口号
1.2. SMTP对象操作
- login(user, password, *, initial_response_ok=True)
SMTP对象登录
user:授权登录的用户名
password:授权登录的密码 - sendmail(from_addr, to_addrs, msg, mail_options=[], rcpt_options=[])
SMTP对象发送邮件
from_addr:发件人地址,字符串类型。
to_addr:收件人地址,包括收件人和抄送人。
多个收件人时to_addr参数为列表,单个收件人时to_addr参数可以为列表或字符串。
msg:要发送的信息 - quite()
终止SMTP会话
2. 发送邮件的实例
2.1. 添加邮件内容,包括收件人、抄送人、正文、附件
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.header import Header
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.mime.image import MIMEImage
import os
class EmailContent:
def __init__(self, senderAdr, emailSubject, toReceivers, ccReceivers):
# 邮件对象
self.msg = MIMEMultipart()
# 添加发件人头
self.msg['From'] = Header("测试" + "<" + senderAdr + ">", 'utf-8')
# 添加收件人
if isinstance(toReceivers, str):
self.msg["To"] = toReceivers
elif isinstance(toReceivers, list):
self.msg['To'] = ";".join(toReceivers)
# 添加抄送人
if isinstance(ccReceivers, str):
self.msg["Cc"] = ccReceivers
elif isinstance(ccReceivers, list):
self.msg["Cc"] = ";".join(ccReceivers)
# 添加邮件主题
self.msg['Subject'] = Header(emailSubject, "utf-8")
def addBody(self, bodyType):
"""
添加不同的邮件正文的实例
1. body为字符串:(如)"这是一个邮件正文内容"
2. body为html格式的字符串:(如)"<div><p>第一段</p><p> 第二段</p></div>"
3. body正文中包含有图片:
"""
if bodyType == "string":
body = "这是一个邮件正文内容"
mimeText = MIMEText(body, "plain", "utf-8")
self.msg.attach(mimeText)
elif bodyType == "html":
body = "<div><p>第一段</p><p> 第二段</p></div>"
mimeText = MIMEText(body, "html", "utf-8")
self.msg.attach(mimeText)
elif "image" in bodyType:
imageFile = "E://log//test.png"
imageId = os.path.split(imageFile)[1]
# 添加内容
body = '''
<p>测试图片为:</p>
<p><img src="cid:{imageId}"></p>
'''.format(imageId=imageId)
mimeText = MIMEText(body, "html", "utf-8")
self.msg.attach(mimeText)
# 读取图片,并设置图片id用于邮件正文引用
with open(imageFile, "rb") as fp:
mimeImage = MIMEImage(fp.read())
mimeImage.add_header("Content-ID", imageId)
self.msg.attach(mimeImage)
def addAttachment(self, attachmentName):
"""
添加附件
:return:
"""
file = "E://log//test.txt"
# file = "E://log//test.zip"
# file = "E://log//test.png"
filePath, fileName = os.path.split(file)
print("fileName =", fileName)
enclosure = MIMEText(open(file, 'rb').read(), 'base64', 'utf-8')
enclosure['Content-Type'] = 'application/octet-stream'
if attachmentName == "英文":
enclosure['Content-Disposition'] = 'attachment; filename="%s"' % fileName
elif attachmentName == "中文":
enclosure.add_header("Content-Disposition", "attachment", filename=("gbk", "", fileName))
self.msg.attach(enclosure)
2.2. 发送邮件
import smtplib
def SendEmail():
"""发送邮件"""
# SMTP的服务器信息
smtpHost = "smtp.exmail.qq.com"
sslPort = 465
senderAdr = "xx@xx.cn"
senderPwd = "XXXX"
# 创建SMTP对象
smtpServer = smtplib.SMTP_SSL(smtpHost, sslPort)
# # 设置debug模块
# smtpServer.set_debuglevel(True)
# 登录
smtpServer.login(senderAdr, senderPwd)
# 添加邮件内容
toReceivers = ["a@xx.cn", "b@xx.cn"]
ccReceivers = ["d@xx.cn", "e@xx.cn"]
toAddrs = toReceivers + ccReceivers
emailSubject = "这是个自动发送的邮件"
emailContent = EmailContent(senderAdr, emailSubject, toReceivers, ccReceivers)
emailContent.addBody("html")
emailContent.addAttachment("英文")
message = emailContent.msg
# 发送
smtpServer.sendmail(senderAdr, toAddrs, message.as_string())
# 终止SMTP会话
smtpServer.quit()
SendEmail()
二、读取邮件
- 收取邮件使用POP3协议;
- 解析邮件:需要将收取的邮件转化为email.message.Message对象,再使用email模块解析内容。
1. 读取邮件的实例
1.1. 获取某封邮件的对象
import poplib
from email.parser import Parser
"""POP的服务器信息"""
popHost = "pop.exmail.qq.com"
userAdr = "xx@xx.cn"
userPwd = "xxxxx"
""" 创建POP3对象,添加用户名和密码"""
pop3Server = poplib.POP3(popHost)
pop3Server.user(userAdr)
pop3Server.pass_(userPwd)
"""获取邮件数量和占用空间"""
messageCount, mailboxSize = pop3Server.stat()
"""获取邮件请求返回状态码、每封邮件的字节大小(b'第几封邮件 此邮件字节大小')、"""
response, msgNumOctets, octets = pop3Server.list()
""" 获取任意一封邮件的邮件对象【第一封邮件的编号为1,而不是0】"""
msgIndex = random.randint(1,messageCount)
print(msgIndex)
# 获取第msgIndex封邮件的信息
response, msgLines, octets = pop3Server.retr(msgIndex)
# msgLines中为该邮件的每行数据,先将内容连接成字符串,再转化为email.message.Message对象
msgLinesToStr = b"\r\n".join(msgLines).decode("utf8", "ignore")
messageObject = Parser().parsestr(msgLinesToStr)
print(messageObject)
""" 终止POP3服务"""
pop3Server.quit()
1.2. 解析邮件对象
1.2.1. 获取邮件日期
msgDate = messageObject["date"]
print(msgDate)
1.2.2. 获取邮件发件人实名、邮箱地址
获取邮件实名时,名称一般是加密的,此时就需要对头文件进行解码才可获取它的实际内容
from email.header import decode_header
def decodeMsgHeader(header):
"""
解码头文件
:param header: 需解码的内容
:return:
"""
value, charset = decode_header(header)[0]
if charset:
value = value.decode(charset)
return value
from email.utils import parseaddr
senderContent = messageObject["From"]
# parseaddr()函数返回的是一个元组(realname, emailAddress)
senderRealName, senderAdr = parseaddr(senderContent)
# 将加密的名称进行解码
senderRealName = decodeMsgHeader(senderRealName)
print(senderRealName)
print(senderAdr)
1.2.3. 获取邮件主题
获取的邮件的主题也是加密的,此时就需要对头文件进行解码才可获取它的实际内容
msgHeader = messageObject["Subject"]
# 对头文件进行解码
msgHeader = decodeMsgHeader(msgHeader )
print(msgHeader)
1.2.4. 获取邮件正文
一封邮件的正文内容,可能是由几部分构成,每部分的格式不同。
"""获取邮件正文内容"""
msgBodyContents = []
if messageObject.is_multipart(): # 判断邮件是否由多个部分构成
messageParts = messageObject.get_payload() # 获取邮件附载部分
for messagePart in messageParts:
bodyContent = decodeBody(messagePart)
if bodyContent:
msgBodyContents.append(bodyContent)
else:
bodyContent = decodeBody(messageObject)
if bodyContent:
msgBodyContents.append(bodyContent)
print(msgBodyContents)
def decodeBody(msgPart):
"""
解码内容
:param msgPart: 邮件某部分
"""
contentType = msgPart.get_content_type() # 判断邮件内容的类型,text/html
textContent = ""
if contentType == 'text/plain' or contentType == 'text/html':
content = msgPart.get_payload(decode=True)
charset = msgPart.get_charset()
if charset is None:
contentType = msgPart.get('Content-Type', '').lower()
position = contentType.find('charset=')
if position >= 0:
charset = contentType[position + 8:].strip()
if charset:
textContent = content.decode(charset)
return textContent
1.2.5. 获取邮件附件
邮件附件名为中文时,需借助头文件解码方式进行解码,否则会为乱码。
messageAttachments = []
if messageObject.is_multipart(): # 判断邮件是否由多个部分构成
messageParts = messageObject.get_payload() # 获取邮件附载部分
for messagePart in messageParts:
name = messagePart.get_param("name") # 名字存在,则表示此部分为附件
if name:
fileName = decodeMsgHeader(name) # 解码
messageAttachments.append(fileName)
else:
name = messageObject.get_param("name")
if name:
fileName = decodeMsgHeader(name) # 解码
messageAttachments.append(fileName)
print(messageAttachments)
2. 读取邮件时遇到的问题
2.1. 提示“poplib.error_proto: line too long”
File "XXX/EmailInfo.py", line 22, in getMessageObject
return parser.Parser().parsestr(b"\n".join(self.popServer.retr(i)[1]).decode("utf8", "ignore"))
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/poplib.py", line 248, in retr
return self._longcmd('RETR %s' % which)
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/poplib.py", line 183, in _longcmd
return self._getlongresp()
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/poplib.py", line 168, in _getlongresp
line, o = self._getline()
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/poplib.py", line 130, in _getline
raise error_proto('line too long')
poplib.error_proto: line too long
POP3对行长度做了限制,默认为_MAXLINE = 2048
,故若是邮件超过此长度就会提示“poplib.error_proto: line too long”。
解决方案:在读取邮件代码中重新定义最大行长度,即给poplib._MAXLINE
设置新值。
import poplib
poplib._MAXLINE=20480