Python3收发邮件(smtplib、email、poplib

2021-03-26  本文已影响0人  羋学僧

一、发送邮件

1. smtplib模块

导入模块:import smtplib

1.1. 创建SMTP对象

smtplib.SMTPsmtplib.SMTP_SSL:均可以用来创建SMTP对象;
smtplib.SMTP_SSL:使用安全加密的SSL协议连接到SMTP服务器;
smtplib.SMTP:没有进行安全加密。
故若待测试邮箱不允许使用非SSL和非TLS频道通信时,则无法使用smtp.SMTP方式来创建客户端对象。
【查看邮箱的通信方式:邮箱设置菜单中,查看邮箱的接收服务器和发送服务器信息。】

如:腾讯企业邮箱
接收服务器:
imap.exmail.qq.com(使用SSL,端口号993)
发送服务器:
smtp.exmail.qq.com(使用SSL,端口号465)
1.2. SMTP对象操作

2. 发送邮件的实例

2.1. 添加邮件内容,包括收件人、抄送人、正文、附件
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.header import Header
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.mime.image import MIMEImage
import os
class EmailContent:
   
    def __init__(self, senderAdr, emailSubject, toReceivers, ccReceivers):
        # 邮件对象
        self.msg = MIMEMultipart()
        # 添加发件人头
        self.msg['From'] = Header("测试" + "<" + senderAdr + ">", 'utf-8')
        # 添加收件人
        if isinstance(toReceivers, str):
            self.msg["To"] = toReceivers
        elif isinstance(toReceivers, list):
            self.msg['To'] = ";".join(toReceivers)
        # 添加抄送人
        if isinstance(ccReceivers, str):
            self.msg["Cc"] = ccReceivers
        elif isinstance(ccReceivers, list):
            self.msg["Cc"] = ";".join(ccReceivers)
        # 添加邮件主题
            self.msg['Subject'] = Header(emailSubject, "utf-8")

    def addBody(self, bodyType):
        """
        添加不同的邮件正文的实例
        1. body为字符串:(如)"这是一个邮件正文内容"
        2. body为html格式的字符串:(如)"<div><p>第一段</p><p>&nbsp;第二段</p></div>"
        3. body正文中包含有图片:
        """
        if bodyType == "string":
            body = "这是一个邮件正文内容"
            mimeText = MIMEText(body, "plain", "utf-8")
            self.msg.attach(mimeText)
        elif bodyType == "html":
            body = "<div><p>第一段</p><p>&nbsp;第二段</p></div>"
            mimeText = MIMEText(body, "html", "utf-8")
            self.msg.attach(mimeText)
        elif "image" in bodyType:
            imageFile = "E://log//test.png"
            imageId = os.path.split(imageFile)[1]
            # 添加内容
            body = '''
                    <p>测试图片为:</p>
                    <p><img src="cid:{imageId}"></p>
                    '''.format(imageId=imageId)
            mimeText = MIMEText(body, "html", "utf-8")
            self.msg.attach(mimeText)
            # 读取图片,并设置图片id用于邮件正文引用
            with open(imageFile, "rb") as fp:
                mimeImage = MIMEImage(fp.read())
            mimeImage.add_header("Content-ID", imageId)
            self.msg.attach(mimeImage)

        def addAttachment(self, attachmentName):
        """
        添加附件
        :return:
        """
        file = "E://log//test.txt"
        # file = "E://log//test.zip"
        # file = "E://log//test.png"
        filePath, fileName = os.path.split(file)
        print("fileName =", fileName)
        enclosure = MIMEText(open(file, 'rb').read(), 'base64', 'utf-8')
        enclosure['Content-Type'] = 'application/octet-stream'
        if attachmentName == "英文":
            enclosure['Content-Disposition'] = 'attachment; filename="%s"' % fileName
        elif attachmentName == "中文":
            enclosure.add_header("Content-Disposition", "attachment", filename=("gbk", "", fileName))
        self.msg.attach(enclosure)
2.2. 发送邮件
import smtplib
def SendEmail():
    """发送邮件"""
    # SMTP的服务器信息
    smtpHost = "smtp.exmail.qq.com"
    sslPort = 465
    senderAdr = "xx@xx.cn"
    senderPwd = "XXXX"
    # 创建SMTP对象
    smtpServer = smtplib.SMTP_SSL(smtpHost, sslPort)
    # # 设置debug模块
    # smtpServer.set_debuglevel(True)
    # 登录
    smtpServer.login(senderAdr, senderPwd)
    # 添加邮件内容
    toReceivers = ["a@xx.cn", "b@xx.cn"]
    ccReceivers = ["d@xx.cn", "e@xx.cn"]
    toAddrs = toReceivers + ccReceivers
    emailSubject = "这是个自动发送的邮件"
    emailContent = EmailContent(senderAdr, emailSubject, toReceivers, ccReceivers)
    emailContent.addBody("html")
    emailContent.addAttachment("英文")
    message = emailContent.msg
    # 发送
    smtpServer.sendmail(senderAdr, toAddrs, message.as_string())
    # 终止SMTP会话
    smtpServer.quit()

SendEmail()

二、读取邮件

1. 读取邮件的实例

1.1. 获取某封邮件的对象
import poplib
from email.parser import Parser
"""POP的服务器信息"""
popHost = "pop.exmail.qq.com"
userAdr = "xx@xx.cn"
userPwd = "xxxxx"

""" 创建POP3对象,添加用户名和密码"""
pop3Server = poplib.POP3(popHost)
pop3Server.user(userAdr)
pop3Server.pass_(userPwd)

"""获取邮件数量和占用空间"""
messageCount, mailboxSize = pop3Server.stat()

"""获取邮件请求返回状态码、每封邮件的字节大小(b'第几封邮件 此邮件字节大小')、"""
response, msgNumOctets, octets = pop3Server.list()

""" 获取任意一封邮件的邮件对象【第一封邮件的编号为1,而不是0】"""
msgIndex = random.randint(1,messageCount)
print(msgIndex)
# 获取第msgIndex封邮件的信息
response, msgLines, octets = pop3Server.retr(msgIndex)
# msgLines中为该邮件的每行数据,先将内容连接成字符串,再转化为email.message.Message对象
msgLinesToStr = b"\r\n".join(msgLines).decode("utf8", "ignore")
messageObject = Parser().parsestr(msgLinesToStr)
print(messageObject)

""" 终止POP3服务"""
pop3Server.quit()
1.2. 解析邮件对象
1.2.1. 获取邮件日期
msgDate = messageObject["date"]
print(msgDate)
1.2.2. 获取邮件发件人实名、邮箱地址

获取邮件实名时,名称一般是加密的,此时就需要对头文件进行解码才可获取它的实际内容

from email.header import decode_header
def decodeMsgHeader(header):
    """
    解码头文件
    :param header: 需解码的内容
    :return:
    """
    value, charset = decode_header(header)[0]
    if charset:
        value = value.decode(charset)
    return value
from email.utils import parseaddr
senderContent = messageObject["From"]
# parseaddr()函数返回的是一个元组(realname, emailAddress)
senderRealName, senderAdr = parseaddr(senderContent) 
# 将加密的名称进行解码 
senderRealName = decodeMsgHeader(senderRealName)   
print(senderRealName)
print(senderAdr)
1.2.3. 获取邮件主题

获取的邮件的主题也是加密的,此时就需要对头文件进行解码才可获取它的实际内容

msgHeader = messageObject["Subject"]
# 对头文件进行解码
msgHeader = decodeMsgHeader(msgHeader )
print(msgHeader)
1.2.4. 获取邮件正文

一封邮件的正文内容,可能是由几部分构成,每部分的格式不同。

"""获取邮件正文内容"""
msgBodyContents = []
if messageObject.is_multipart():  # 判断邮件是否由多个部分构成
    messageParts = messageObject.get_payload()  # 获取邮件附载部分
    for messagePart in messageParts:
        bodyContent = decodeBody(messagePart)
        if bodyContent:
            msgBodyContents.append(bodyContent)
else:
    bodyContent = decodeBody(messageObject)
    if bodyContent:
        msgBodyContents.append(bodyContent)
print(msgBodyContents)
def decodeBody(msgPart):
    """
    解码内容
   :param msgPart: 邮件某部分
    """
    contentType = msgPart.get_content_type()  # 判断邮件内容的类型,text/html
    textContent = ""
    if contentType == 'text/plain' or contentType == 'text/html':
        content = msgPart.get_payload(decode=True)
        charset = msgPart.get_charset()
        if charset is None:
            contentType = msgPart.get('Content-Type', '').lower()
            position = contentType.find('charset=')
            if position >= 0:
                charset = contentType[position + 8:].strip()
        if charset:
            textContent = content.decode(charset)
    return textContent
1.2.5. 获取邮件附件

邮件附件名为中文时,需借助头文件解码方式进行解码,否则会为乱码。

messageAttachments = []
if messageObject.is_multipart():  #   判断邮件是否由多个部分构成
    messageParts = messageObject.get_payload()  # 获取邮件附载部分
    for messagePart in messageParts:
        name = messagePart.get_param("name")  # 名字存在,则表示此部分为附件
        if name:
            fileName = decodeMsgHeader(name)   # 解码
            messageAttachments.append(fileName)
else:
    name = messageObject.get_param("name")
    if name:
       fileName = decodeMsgHeader(name)   # 解码
       messageAttachments.append(fileName)
print(messageAttachments)

2. 读取邮件时遇到的问题

2.1. 提示“poplib.error_proto: line too long”

File "XXX/EmailInfo.py", line 22, in getMessageObject
    return parser.Parser().parsestr(b"\n".join(self.popServer.retr(i)[1]).decode("utf8", "ignore"))
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/poplib.py", line 248, in retr
    return self._longcmd('RETR %s' % which)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/poplib.py", line 183, in _longcmd
    return self._getlongresp()
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/poplib.py", line 168, in _getlongresp
    line, o = self._getline()
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/poplib.py", line 130, in _getline
    raise error_proto('line too long')
poplib.error_proto: line too long

POP3对行长度做了限制,默认为_MAXLINE = 2048,故若是邮件超过此长度就会提示“poplib.error_proto: line too long”。
解决方案:在读取邮件代码中重新定义最大行长度,即给poplib._MAXLINE设置新值。

import poplib
poplib._MAXLINE=20480
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