射频一致性测试
就LTE基站而言,RF测试方法与一致性要求至为关键,通过一致性测试(Conformance Testing),可确保LTE基站各个组件的性能符合3GPP规格所定义的最低要求。基站的RF一致性测试定义列在3GPP技术规格36.141中,所依据的是核心规格TS 36.104。一致性测试分为三大类别:发射器的特性、接收器的特性及性能的要求。
1 测试需求
基站发射器的一致性测试会使用下行链路的配置方式来进行,称为E-UTRA测试模式(E-TM)。下行链路的OFDMA调变格式极具弹性,也就是说需要很多参数才能完整地定义出一个信号。检视36.141从属条款6.1.1中有关E-TM的定义,可清楚地看到LTE信号的结构已复杂许多。
1.1 E-TM
当中,定义三种不同类别的测试模式:E-TM1、E-TM2及E-TM3。其中,第一种和第三种还做进一步的细分。
所有测试模式的共通特性包括针对单一天线端口、单一代码(Codeword)、单一层来定义,没有预编码(Precoding)存在;
单一帧的长度为10毫秒;
使用一般的循环前缀(Cyclic Prefix);
使用局部的虚拟资源区块,不支持实体下链路分享信道(PDSCH)的子信框内跳频;
仅使用基站指定的参考信号,不使用UE指定的参考信号。
TDD下使用的模式是上下行配置3,特殊子帧配置8
另外,PBCH、PCFICH、PHICH、PDCCH,PDSCH等各个信道的详细指标参数皆有详细的定义,在36.141中有详细的解释。
就每一种E-TM而言,都是以相对于参考信号功率的特定功率,将每一个实体信号和实体信道分配到个别的信道中。同时要考虑的是因通道带宽有六种,所以每一种E-TM也会有六种不同的对应方式。
1.2 物理信道的数据内容
PDSCH的数据内容是依据TS 36.211,从一连串的零,使用长度为31的黄金码(Gold Code)扰码产生,参考信号及主要、次要的同步信号也是如此产生。
下面是一些扰码参数的初始化:
• nf = 0 (used for PBCH)
• The E-TM shall start when ns = 0
• N_Cell_ID = 1
• p = 0 (data generated according to definitions in TS36.211 for antenna port 0). p = 0 shall be used for the
generation of the E-TM data, even if the signal is transmitted on a physical port other than port 0.
• q = 0 (single code word)
1.2.1 Reference signals
Sequence generation, modulation and mapping to REs according to TS36.211, clause 6.10.1(物理层)
1.2.2 Primary Synchronization signal
Sequence generation, modulation and mapping to REs according to TS36.211, clause 6.11.1(物理层)
1.2.3 Secondary Synchronization signal
Sequence generation, modulation and mapping to REs according to TS36.211, clause 6.11.2(物理层)
1.2.4 PBCH
- 240 REs (480 bits) are available for PBCH for the duration of the E-UTRA test models (1 frame, 10 ms)
- Generate 480 bits of "all 0" data
- Initialize scrambling generator for each invocation of the E-TM, i.e. set always nf = 0
- Perform scrambling according to TS36.211, clause 6.6.1 of the 480 bits(物理层)
- Perform modulation according to TS36.211, clause 6.6.2(物理层)
- Perform mapping to REs according to TS36.211, clause 6.6.4(物理层)
1.2.5 PCFICH
- Generate 32 bit CFI codeword according to TS36.212, clause 5.3.4.
- Perform scrambling according to TS36.211, clause 6.7.1(物理层)
- Perform modulation according to TS36.211, clause 6.7.2(物理层)
- Perform mapping to REs according to TS36.211, clause 6.7.4(物理层)
1.2.6 PHICH
- Set Ng = 1/6 to obtain N_group_PHICH , see TS36.211, clause 6.9
- Use 2 PHICH per group, n_seq_PHICH = 0, 4
- For each subframe the required amount of HARQ Indicators (HI) is as follows: N_group_PHICH*(2 PHICH per group).
- Generate this amount of HIs using "0" data for each HI.
- Generate 3 bit HI codeword according to TS36.212, clause 5.3.5
- Perform scrambling and modulation according to TS36.211, clause 6.9.1(物理层)
- Perform mapping to REs according to TS36.211, clause 6.9.3(物理层)
1.2.7 PDCCH
- For each subframe the required amount of bits for all PDCCHs is as follows: (# of PDCCH)*(# of CCE per PDCCH)* (9 REG per CCE)*(4 RE per REG)*(2 bits per RE) with these parameters according to the E-TM definitions in subclause 6.1.1
- Generate this amount of bits according to "all 0" data
- Numbering of CCEs shall be according to TS36.211, clause 6.8.1. Mapping of PDCCHs to the available CCEs is performed as follows: First PDCCH is mapped to CCE(0), second PDCCH to CCE(0+ "# of CCEs per PDCCH"), … etc. The remaining resources not used for PDCCH are treated as <NIL> REGs according to TS36.211, clause 6.8.2
- Perform PDCCH multiplexing and scrambling according to TS36.211, clause 6.8.2(物理层)
- Perform modulation according to TS36.211, clause 6.8.3(物理层)
- Perform mapping to REs according to TS36.211, clause 6.8.5(物理层)
1.2.8 PDSCH
- For each subframe generate the required amount of bits for all PRBs according to "all 0" data
- PRB numbering is according to TS36.211, clause 6.2.3
- E-TMs utilize 1 user or 2 user PDSCH transmissions distinguished by n_RNTI. For each E-TM, PRBs are mapped to users ( n_RNTI) according to their respective PRB boosting attribute as follows:
- The required amount of PDSCH "0" bits within a subframes and allocated PRBs shall be generated for each user
- Perform user specific scrambling according to TS36.211, clause 6.3.1. This makes use of n_RNTI. (物理层)
- Perform modulation of the scrambled bits with the modulation scheme defined for each user according to TS36.211, clause 6.3.2(物理层)
- Perform mapping of the complex-valued symbols to PRBs according to TS36.211, clause 6.3.5(物理层)
2 RS功率提升
为了增强覆盖和信号检测能力,WE05M02B1-B某些场景下需要提高参考信号RS的信号强度。通常所说的RS Boosting就是通过PA/PB参数将空闲DTX帧中或者其他PDSCH帧中的信号功率借用给RS的,从而改善RS信号的EPRE,起到覆盖增强和善的效果。
对于多天线端口来说,如果某个子帧中一个时隙中的RE位置上为RS信号,则另一个时隙中的相应位置用作DTX,不传输任何信号。如果将DTX的功率借给RS使用,则RS信号功率提升1倍,也就相当于我们通常所说的Boost 3 dB。此时,不需要借用PDSCH中的功率,所以对PDSCH功率没有影响。
2&4天线端口配置下,PB=1的情况就是Boost 3 dB,在这种情况下,RS借用了空闲RE的功率,功率正好提升1倍,而PDSCH所占用的RE酌功率不变,OB/pA为1。
PB配置为其他值时,RS功率提升的幅度不同。比如,PB=2时,对于多天线端口来说,RS信号功率提升了2倍,除了借用DTX的功率之外,还需要借用一部份PDSCH功率,从而使得pB/pA为3/4。PB=4时,对于多天线端口来说,RS信号功率提升了3倍,对应的pB/pA为2/4,即1/2。