每日一词 81 | aforementioned

1. 认识这个词（基础篇）

词：aforementioned

英英释义：mentioned before in an earlier part of a document, article, book etc

例句：There are plenty of examples, including at the banks during the financial crisis or the aforementioned cases at News International and Siemens.   

2. 体会这个词 （进阶篇）

“aforementioned”是形容词，从它的构词（afore + mentioned）可以看得出它的意思是“前面提到的、前述”。它相当于 that is previously mentioned，一般用在比较正式的口语和写作中，让语言变得简洁。在有字数限制的写作中（比如申请文书），这个词非常有用。

在一篇文章、一个演讲或介绍中先提到过某人或某物，后面再次提到就可以用这个词。注意：一般在 aforementioned 前面会加 the，比如 the aforementioned city。 

《华尔街日报》中有这么一句：   

Some brands, like the aforementioned the Sleeper, Fleur du Mal and Attico, were founded expressly to make all-day loungewear.

这句中的 the Sleeper，Fleur du Mal 和 Attico 就是三个前面提到过的品牌。   

《经济学人》网站有一篇文章标题是 Academic view: Learning how to trust，邀请了两名商学院教授撰稿。文章的开头是这么写的：   

Ideally we shouldn't have to teach students how to be trustworthy. We might expect most to consider it the right thing to be in and of itself. Even for those less virtuous, there is a sound business case; research has shown that trusted leaders inspire teams to create more value, while employees who feel trusted reciprocate with superior performance.     

However, high-profile affairs such as phone-tapping at News International, corporate scandals at Olympus and Siemens, or the shenanigans over British MPs' expenses, suggest that not everybody ranks trust and trustworthiness as a work priority. Indeed, some care little for it, seeing it as naive or unreliable. Some even seek to thrive on wilful mistrust.   

后文有这么一句用到了 the aforementioned，让行文更加连贯、简洁：

There are plenty of examples, including at the banks during the financial crisis or the aforementioned cases at News International and Siemens.   

《经济学人》一篇关于影响毕业生收入的因素的文章中有这么一句：

In contrast, philosophy graduates, whose salaries tend to be in line with those of their peers, actually earn around 10% less after taking into account the aforementioned controls.   

掌握了 aforementioned，还可以顺便学学它的同义词 above-mentioned。

3. 从认识到会用（作业）

1）翻译下面的句子：

这本书第 5 章里的一个观点好像和前面提到的观点相冲突。

One of the points in Chapter 5 of this book seems to be contradictory to the aforementioned claim.

（参考翻译：An argument in the fifth chapter seems to be contradictory to the aforementioned claim.）

2）造句:The pronunciation of "and" was the aforementioned word.