SQL function, PLpgSQL and Trigge

2018-12-09  本文已影响3人  Wallace_QIAN
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基本结构:
SQL:
create or update function functionName(type of parameter1, type of parameter2,...) returns type
as ... language sql;
... 中间是sql语句,里面需要的参数由function提供
e.g.
create or update function hotelsIn(text) returns text
AS select address from hotel where name = $1;
$1这种老干部写法表示了第一个参数,这些参数显然是匿名的
PLpgsql:
create or update function functionName(parameter1, parameter2,...) returns type
as ... language plpgsql;
... 的功能更加强大, plpgsql的语法是:Declare Begin End;
e.g.

create or update function factorial(integer) returns numeric
AS DECLARE --define alias for parameter there n alias for $1; -- we can also define some other signed parameter here result numeric; BEGIN IF n<=0 THEN return Null; ELSEIF n=1 THEN return 1; ELSE return n*factorial(n-1); END;

PLpgSQL的语法对于任何一个有语言基础的程序员来说都是简单的,但是似乎网上的blog并不是很多,official document 也不算特别人性化,正在复习的我也准备总结一下。
基础操作
赋值 a:=1
判断相等 a=1
操作数:Numeric, Boolean, String, Time Related
Numeric: Numeric(precision, scale), Real, Integer
String: char(n), varchar(n), text
Boolean: boolean, True, False
Time Related: Date, Time, TimeStamp, Interval
Special: Null
Null和任何操作数的如果发生实际运算,运算结果都为Null
e.g.
True and Null = Null
False and Null = False
True or Null = True
False or Null = False
(结合and or 的执行规则)
实际上就是SQL里面的那一套
操作符:<, >, <=, >=, <>, =, :=
String concatenate: str1 || str2
String Case: lower(str)
Extract subString: subString(str, start, count)
Arithmetic Operations: + - * / abs ceil floor power sqrt sin
Aggregations: count sum max min avg

2.选择分支
Switch Case
Case
WHEN condition1 THEN operation set1
WHEN condition2 THEN operation set2
......
ELSE operation setn
END;
不写else默认return Null,所有exception默认return Null
2.If
IF condition1 THEN operation set1
ELIF condition2 THEN operation set2
......
ELSE operation setn
END IF;
3.循环
1.While
While condition LOOP
statements
END LOOP;
2.FOR
For start_index..end_index LOOP
...
END LOOP;
e.g.
suppose count := 0
FOR 0..9 LOOP
count := count + 1;
END LOOP;
The result is: 10 (end_index included)
3.FOREACH
for item in select musician from Member where musicGroup = old.id LOOP END LOOP;

Trigger 以及与trigger联用的function
Trigger 在很多DBMS里都有,这里还是具体指postgresql的trigger.
Trigger 往往结合function一同起效,在数据库里解决了很多需要监听并且同步执行的问题。
基本结构:
CREATE TRIGGER triggerName before/after event [for each row] execute procedure functionName;
create function functionName() returns trigger AS
DECLARE BEGIN END; language plpgsql;
其中event包括 insert, delete, update
trigger作为返回值,实际返回的是new 或 old;
new 是 更改后的tuple, old是更改前的tuple.
所以显而易见的是: insert 无 old, delete 无new

before: 在event执行之前,如果更改了new的值,那么存入的值就会改变;如果new的值不合法,那么就会抛异常
after :after event执行之后,所有的constraints都已经check过了
after 的 返回数据无所谓
而对于before, return Null会 rollback 并且 abort已进行的操作

e.g.
CREATE TRIGGER cheskState BEFORE insert or update on Person for each row execute procedure checkState();

CREATE FUNCTION shckState() RETURNS trigger
AS $$
BEGIN
new.state = upper(trim(new.state));
if new.state !~ '[A-Z][A-Z]' then
raise Exception 'Code must be two alpha characters';
end if;

if(Null = select * from states where code = new.state;) then
raise exception 'Invalid Code %', new/state;
end if;
return new;
END;
language plpgsql;
一般都是return new,不然改变的event不是白操作了...

不是很经常描述这种一大段的知识点,如果有疑惑请提出来,我会修改。
具体的没提到的一些细节问题请查看官方文档,这篇文章希望能快速的让一些读者过一遍trigger和function.

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