人格是有先天和后天因素合成的_《心理学百科》笔记_Mar11

Personality is composed of Nature and Nurture 

个人自制的思维导图,勿用

BEFORE 早期研究

1690, John Locke proposes that the mind of every child is a tabula rasa, or blank slate, and hence we are all born equal.

1859, Charles Darwin (Biologist， 1809-1882) suggests that all human development is the result of adaptation to the environment.

1890, William James claims that people have genetically inherited individual tendencies, or "instincts".

APPROACH - BIO-PSYCHOLOGY - Francis Galton 主要人物

    Francis Galton's study:

    1. In 1869, Galton used his own family tree as well as those of "judges, statesmen, commanders, scientist..." to research               inherited traits, for his book Hereditary Genius and he found more highly talented individuals in certain families than         among the general population.

    2. Galton proposed a number of other studies, including the first large survey by questionnaire, which was sent out to                    members of the Royal Society to enquire about their intests and affiliations. He then published English Men of Science，            claimed that where nature and nurture are forced to compete, nature triumphs.

        3.In 1875，Galton undertook a study of 159 twins. He found that they did not follow the "normal" distribution of similarity             between siblings, they were always extremely similar or extremely dissimilar. What really surprised was that the degree             of similarity never changed over time. (Handwriting was the only aspect in which twins always differed)

    Galton's key works:

        1869 Hereditary Genius 《遗传的天才》

        1874 English Men of Science: Their Nature and Nurture 《科学领域中的英国人： 他们的先天和后天教养》

        1875 The History of Twins 《双生子研究》

Francis Galton

AFTER 后续研究

1925, John B. Watson(Behavioursit) says there is "no such thing as inheritance of capacity, talence, temperament, or mental constituion".

1940s, Nazi Germany seeks to create a "master Aryan race" through eugenics.