2. View的工作原理

2017-04-16  本文已影响36人  acc8226

在Android的知识体系中,View扮演着很重要的角色,简单来理解,View是Android在视觉上的呈现。在界面上Android提供了一套GUI库,里面有很多控件,但是很多时候我们并不满足于系统提供的控件,因为这样就意味这应用界面的同类化比较严重。那么怎么才能做出与众不同的效果呢?答案是自定义View,也可以叫自定义控件,通过自定义View我们可以实现各种五花八门的效果。但是自定义View是有一定难度的,尤其是复杂的自定义View,大部分时候我们仅仅了解基本控件的使用方法是无法做出复杂的自定义控件的。为了更好地自定义View,还需要掌握View的底层工作原理,比如View的测量流程、布局流程以及绘制流程,掌握这几个基本流程后,我们就对View的底层更加了解,这样我们就可以做出一个比较完善的自定义View。

1. 初识ViewRoot和DecorView

在正式介绍View的三大流程之前,我们必须先介绍一些基本概念,这样才能更好地理解View的measure、layout和draw过程,本节主要介绍ViewRoot和DecorView的概念。

ViewRoot对应于ViewRootImpl类,它是连接Window-Manager和DecorView的纽带,View的三大流程均是通过ViewRoot来完成的。在ActivityThread中,当Activity对象被创建完毕后,会将DecorView添加到Window中,同时会创建ViewRootImpl对象,并将ViewRootImpl对象和DecorView建立关联,这个过程可参看如下源码:

root = new ViewRootImpl(view.getContext(),display);     
root.setView(view,wparams,panelParentView);

View的绘制流程是从ViewRoot的performTraversals方法开始的,它经过measure、layout和draw三个过程才能最终将一个View绘制出来,其中measure用来测量View的宽和高,layout用来确定View在父容器中的放置位置,而draw则负责将View绘制在屏幕上。针对performTraversals的大致流程,可用流程图1来表示。

图1 performTraversals的工作流程图

如图1 所示,performTraversals会依次调用performMea-sure、performLayout和performDraw三个方法,这三个方法分别完成顶级View的measure、layout和draw这三大流程,其中在performMeasure中会调用measure方法,在measure方法中又会调用onMeasure方法,在onMeasure方法中则会对所有的子元素进行measure过程,这个时候measure流程就从父容器传递到子元素中了,这样就完成了一次measure过程。接着子元素会重复父容器的measure过程,如此反复就完成了整个View树的遍历。同理,performLayout和performDraw的传递流程和performMeasure是类似的,唯一不同的是,performDraw的传递过程是在draw方法中通过dispatchDraw来实现的,不过这并没有本质区别。

measure过程决定了View的宽/高,Measure完成以后,可以通过getMeasuredWidthgetMeasuredHeight方法来获取到View测量后的宽/高,在几乎所有的情况下它都等同于View最终的宽/高,但是特殊情况除外,这点在本章后面会进行说明。Layout过程决定了View的四个顶点的坐标和实际的View的宽/高,完成以后,可以通过getTopgetBottomgetLeftgetRight来拿到View的四个顶点的位置,并可以通过getWidth和getHeight方法来拿到View的最终宽/高。Draw过程则决定了View的显示,只有draw方法完成以后View的内容才能呈现在屏幕上。

如图2 所示,DecorView作为顶级View,一般情况下它内部会包含一个竖直方向的LinearLayout,在这个LinearLayout里面有上下两个部分(具体情况和Android版本及主题有关),上面是标题栏,下面是内容栏。在Activity中我们通过setCon-tentView所设置的布局文件其实就是被加到内容栏之中的,而内容栏的id是content,因此可以理解为Activity指定布局的方法不叫setview而叫setContentView,因为我们的布局的确加到了id为content的FrameLayout中。如何得到content呢?可以这样:ViewGroup content= findViewById (R.android.id.content)。如何得到我们设置的View呢?可以这样:content.getChil-dAt(0)。同时,通过源码我们可以知道,DecorView其实是一个FrameLayout,View层的事件都先经过DecorView,然后才传递给我们的View。

图2 顶级View:DecorView的结构

2 理解MeasureSpec

为了更好地理解View的测量过程,我们还需要理解MeasureSpec。从名字上来看,MeasureSpec看起来像“测量规格”或者“测量说明书”,不管怎么翻译,它看起来都好像是或多或少地决定了View的测量过程。通过源码可以发现,MeasureSpec的确参与了View的measure过程。读者可能有疑问,MeasureSpec是干什么的呢?确切来说,MeasureSpec在很大程度上决定了一个View的尺寸规格,之所以说是很大程度上是因为这个过程还受父容器的影响,因为父容器影响View的MeasureSpec的创建过程。在测量过程中,系统会将View的LayoutParams根据父容器所施加的规则转换成对应的MeasureSpec,然后再根据这个measureSpec来测量出View的宽/高。上面提到过,这里的宽/高是测量宽/高,不一定等于View的最终宽/高。Mea-sureSpec看起来有点复杂,其实它的实现是很简单的,下面会详细地分析MeasureSpec。

2.1 MeasureSpec

MeasureSpec代表一个32位int值,高2位代表Spec-Mode,低30位代表SpecSize,SpecMode是指测量模式,而SpecSize是指在某种测量模式下的规格大小。下面先看一下MeasureSpec内部的一些常量的定义,通过下面的代码,应该不难理解MeasureSpec的工作原理:

public static class MeasureSpec {
        private static final int MODE_SHIFT = 30;
        private static final int MODE_MASK  = 0x3 << MODE_SHIFT;

        /** @hide */
        @IntDef({UNSPECIFIED, EXACTLY, AT_MOST})
        @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
        public @interface MeasureSpecMode {}

        /**
         * Measure specification mode: The parent has not imposed any constraint
         * on the child. It can be whatever size it wants.
         */
        public static final int UNSPECIFIED = 0 << MODE_SHIFT;

        /**
         * Measure specification mode: The parent has determined an exact size
         * for the child. The child is going to be given those bounds regardless
         * of how big it wants to be.
         */
        public static final int EXACTLY     = 1 << MODE_SHIFT;

        /**
         * Measure specification mode: The child can be as large as it wants up
         * to the specified size.
         */
        public static final int AT_MOST     = 2 << MODE_SHIFT;


        /**
         * Extracts the mode from the supplied measure specification.
         *
         * @param measureSpec the measure specification to extract the mode from
         * @return {@link android.view.View.MeasureSpec#UNSPECIFIED},
         *         {@link android.view.View.MeasureSpec#AT_MOST} or
         *         {@link android.view.View.MeasureSpec#EXACTLY}
         */
        @MeasureSpecMode
        public static int getMode(int measureSpec) {
            //noinspection ResourceType
            return (measureSpec & MODE_MASK);
        }

        /**
         * Extracts the size from the supplied measure specification.
         *
         * @param measureSpec the measure specification to extract the size from
         * @return the size in pixels defined in the supplied measure specification
         */
        public static int getSize(int measureSpec) {
            return (measureSpec & ~MODE_MASK);
        }
      ...
      ...
}

MeasureSpec通过将SpecMode和SpecSize打包成一个int值来避免过多的对象内存分配,为了方便操作,其提供了打包和解包方法。SpecMode和SpecSize也是一个int值,一组Spec-Mode和SpecSize可以打包为一个MeasureSpec,而一个Mea-sureSpec可以通过解包的形式来得出其原始的SpecMode和SpecSize,需要注意的是这里提到的MeasureSpec是指Mea-sureSpec所代表的int值,而并非MeasureSpec本身。

SpecMode有三类,每一类都表示特殊的含义,如下所示。

2.2 MeasureSpec和LayoutParams的对应关系

上面提到,系统内部是通过MeasureSpec来进行View的测量,但是正常情况下我们使用View指定MeasureSpec,尽管如此,但是我们可以给View设置LayoutParams。在View测量的时候,系统会将LayoutParams在父容器的约束下转换成对应的MeasureSpec,然后再根据这个MeasureSpec来确定View测量后的宽/高。需要注意的是,MeasureSpec不是唯一由LayoutParams决定的,LayoutParams需要和父容器一起才能决定View的MeasureSpec,从而进一步决定View的宽/高。另外,对于顶级View(即DecorView)和普通View来说,MeasureSpec的转换过程略有不同。对于DecorView,其MeasureSpec由窗口的尺寸和其自身的LayoutParams来共同确定;对于普通View,其MeasureSpec由父容器的MeasureSpec和自身的LayoutParams来共同决定,MeasureSpec一旦确定后,onMeasure中就可以确定View的测量宽/高。

对于DecorView来说,在ViewRootImpl中的measureHierarchy方法中有如下一段代码,它展示了DecorView的MeasureSpec的创建过程,其中desiredWindowWidth和de-sired-WindowHeight是屏幕的尺寸:

childWidthMeasureSpec = getRootMeasureSpec(desiredWindowWidth, lp.width);//desireWindowWidth是屏幕的宽度
childHeightMeasureSpec = getRootMeasureSpec(desiredWindowHeight, lp.height);
performMeasure(childWidthMeasureSpec, childHeightMeasureSpec);

上面代码调用的getRootMeasureSpec()方法的代码如下

private static int getRootMeasureSpec(int windowSize, int rootDimension) {
      int measureSpec;
      switch (rootDimension){
      case ViewGroup.LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT:
            // Window can't resize. Force root view to be windowSize.
            mesureSpec = MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(windowSize,MeasureSpec.EXACTLY);
            break;
      case ViewGroup.LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT:
            // Window can resize. Set max size for root view.
            measureSpec = MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(windowSize,MeasureSpec.AT_MOST);
            break;
      default:
            // Window wants to be an exact size. Force root view to be that size.
            measureSpec = MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(rootDimension,MeasureSpec.EXACTLY);
            break;
      }
      return measureSpec;
}

通过上述代码,DecorView的MeasureSpec的产生过程就很明确了,具体来说其遵守如下规则,根据它的LayoutParams中的宽/高的参数来划分。

对于普通View来说,这里是指我们布局中的View,View的measure过程由ViewGroup传递而来,先看一下ViewGroup的measureChildWithMargins方法:

    /**
     * Ask one of the children of this view to measure itself, taking into
     * account both the MeasureSpec requirements for this view and its padding
     * and margins. The child must have MarginLayoutParams The heavy lifting is
     * done in getChildMeasureSpec.
     *
     * @param child The child to measure
     * @param parentWidthMeasureSpec The width requirements for this view
     * @param widthUsed Extra space that has been used up by the parent
     *        horizontally (possibly by other children of the parent)
     * @param parentHeightMeasureSpec The height requirements for this view
     * @param heightUsed Extra space that has been used up by the parent
     *        vertically (possibly by other children of the parent)
     */
    protected void measureChildWithMargins(View child,
            int parentWidthMeasureSpec, int widthUsed,
            int parentHeightMeasureSpec, int heightUsed) {
        final MarginLayoutParams lp = (MarginLayoutParams) child.getLayoutParams();

        final int childWidthMeasureSpec = getChildMeasureSpec(parentWidthMeasureSpec,
                mPaddingLeft + mPaddingRight + lp.leftMargin + lp.rightMargin
                        + widthUsed, lp.width);
        final int childHeightMeasureSpec = getChildMeasureSpec(parentHeightMeasureSpec,
                mPaddingTop + mPaddingBottom + lp.topMargin + lp.bottomMargin
                        + heightUsed, lp.height);

        child.measure(childWidthMeasureSpec, childHeightMeasureSpec);
    }

上述方法会对子元素进行measure,在调用子元素的measure方法之前会先通过getChildMeasureSpec方法来得到子元素的MeasureSpec。从代码来看,很显然,子元素的MeasureSpec的创建与父容器的MeasureSpec和子元素本身的LayoutParams有关,此外还和View的margin及padding有关,具体情况可以看一下ViewGroup的getChildMeasureSpec方法,清楚展示了普通View的MeasureSpec的创建规则如下所示。

    /**
     * Does the hard part of measureChildren: figuring out the MeasureSpec to
     * pass to a particular child. This method figures out the right MeasureSpec
     * for one dimension (height or width) of one child view.
     *
     * The goal is to combine information from our MeasureSpec with the
     * LayoutParams of the child to get the best possible results. For example,
     * if the this view knows its size (because its MeasureSpec has a mode of
     * EXACTLY), and the child has indicated in its LayoutParams that it wants
     * to be the same size as the parent, the parent should ask the child to
     * layout given an exact size.
     *
     * @param spec The requirements for this view
     * @param padding The padding of this view for the current dimension and
     *        margins, if applicable  (父容器中已占用的空间大小)
     * @param childDimension How big the child wants to be in the current
     *        dimension
     * @return a MeasureSpec integer for the child
     */
    public static int getChildMeasureSpec(int spec, int padding, int childDimension) {
        int specMode = MeasureSpec.getMode(spec);
        int specSize = MeasureSpec.getSize(spec);

        //子元素可用的大小为父容器的尺寸减去padding
        int size = Math.max(0, specSize - padding);

        int resultSize = 0;
        int resultMode = 0;

        switch (specMode) {
        // Parent has imposed an exact size on us
        case MeasureSpec.EXACTLY:
            if (childDimension >= 0) {
                resultSize = childDimension;
                resultMode = MeasureSpec.EXACTLY;
            } else if (childDimension == LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT) {
                // Child wants to be our size. So be it.
                resultSize = size;
                resultMode = MeasureSpec.EXACTLY;
            } else if (childDimension == LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT) {
                // Child wants to determine its own size. It can't be
                // bigger than us.
                resultSize = size;
                resultMode = MeasureSpec.AT_MOST;
            }
            break;

        // Parent has imposed a maximum size on us
        case MeasureSpec.AT_MOST:
            if (childDimension >= 0) {
                // Child wants a specific size... so be it
                resultSize = childDimension;
                resultMode = MeasureSpec.EXACTLY;
            } else if (childDimension == LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT) {
                // Child wants to be our size, but our size is not fixed.
                // Constrain child to not be bigger than us.
                resultSize = size;
                resultMode = MeasureSpec.AT_MOST;
            } else if (childDimension == LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT) {
                // Child wants to determine its own size. It can't be
                // bigger than us.
                resultSize = size;
                resultMode = MeasureSpec.AT_MOST;
            }
            break;

        // Parent asked to see how big we want to be
        case MeasureSpec.UNSPECIFIED:
            if (childDimension >= 0) {
                // Child wants a specific size... let him have it
                resultSize = childDimension;
                resultMode = MeasureSpec.EXACTLY;
            } else if (childDimension == LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT) {
                // Child wants to be our size... find out how big it should
                // be
                resultSize = View.sUseZeroUnspecifiedMeasureSpec ? 0 : size;
                resultMode = MeasureSpec.UNSPECIFIED;
            } else if (childDimension == LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT) {
                // Child wants to determine its own size.... find out how
                // big it should be
                resultSize = View.sUseZeroUnspecifiedMeasureSpec ? 0 : size;
                resultMode = MeasureSpec.UNSPECIFIED;
            }
            break;
        }
        //noinspection ResourceType
        return MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(resultSize, resultMode);
    }
表1 普通View的MeasureSpec的创建规则

这里再做一下说明。前面已经提到,对于普通View,其MeasureSpec由父容器的MeasureSpec和自身的LayoutParams来共同决定,那么针对不同的父容器和View本身不同的LayoutParams,View就可以有多种MeasureSpec。这里简单说一下,当View采用固定宽/高的时候,不管父容器的MeasureSpec是什么,View的MeasureSpec都是精确模式并且其大小遵循Layoutparams中的大小。当View的宽/高是match_parent时,如果父容器的模式是精准模式,那么View也是精准模式并且其大小是父容器的剩余空间;如果父容器是最大模式,那么View也是最大模式并且其大小不会超过父容器的剩余空间。当View的宽/高是wrap_content时,不管父容器的模式是精准还是最大化,View的模式总是最大化并且大小不能超过父容器的剩余空间。可能读者会发现,在我们的分析中漏掉了UNSPECIFIED模式,那是因为这个模式主要用于系统内部多次Measure的情形,一般来说,我们不需要关注此模式。


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