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flexbox弹性布局

2019-10-11  本文已影响0人  手指乐

简介

.box{
  display: flex;
}

行内元素也可以使用Flex布局。

.box{
  display: inline-flex;
}

Webkit内核的浏览器,必须加上-webkit前缀。

.box{
  display: -webkit-flex; /* Safari */
  display: flex;
}

注意,设为Flex布局以后,子元素的float、clear和vertical-align属性将失效。

  1. 整体页面布局
  2. 完全支持旧浏览器的网站
    旧版浏览器,如IE 11或更低版本,不支持或仅部分支持 Flexbox 。如果你想安全的使用页面正常呈现,你应该退回到其他的 CSS 布局方式,比如结合float 的 display: inline-block 或者 display: table等。但是,如果您只针对现代浏览器,那么 Flexbox 绝对值得一试。

基本概念

采用Flex布局的元素,称为Flex容器(flex container),简称”容器”。它的所有子元素自动成为容器成员,称为Flex项目(flex item),简称”项目”。



容器默认存在两根轴:水平的主轴(main axis)和垂直的交叉轴(cross axis)。主轴的开始位置(与边框的交叉点)叫做main start,结束位置叫做main end;交叉轴的开始位置叫做cross start,结束位置叫做cross end。
项目默认沿主轴排列。单个项目占据的主轴空间叫做main size,占据的交叉轴空间叫做cross size。

属性

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">

<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
    <title>Document</title>
</head>
<style>
    .flex-container {
        display: flex;
    }
    /* 以下为辅助样式 */
    
    .flex-container {
        background-color: #F0f0f0;
    }
    
    .flex-container .flex-item {
        padding: 20px;
        background-color: #B1FF84;
    }
    
    .flex-container .flex-item:first-child {
        background-color: #F5DE25;
    }
    
    .flex-container .flex-item:last-child {
        background-color: #90D9F7;
    }
</style>

<body>
    <div class="flex-container">
        <div class="flex-item">1</div>
        <div class="flex-item">2</div>
    </div>
</body>

</html>

flex-container添加:

flex-direction: column;

会显示为纵向排列
也可以通过设置 flex-direction: column-reverse 或 flex-direction: row-reverse 来使 flex 项以相反的顺序排列
注意:
正常排序和反向排序是对项目在容器里的代码顺序,不是按里面值排序,比如上例中第一个项目的内容设置为2,第二个设置为1,反向后会变成1,2
容器宽默认充满父元素,高由里面的项目高决定
没有定义宽高的情况下,横向排列时,项目的宽默认由里面的内容决定,高充满容器
纵向排列时,宽充满容器,高由内容决定

.flex-container {
        display: flex;
        flex-direction: row-reverse;
        justify-content: flex-end;
    }

效果:



row-reverse会让容器里的项目按内容反向排列,并且沿主轴右对齐,加上flex-end,又会使item左对齐

justify-content还可以设置为以下值:
flex-start | flex-end | center | space-between | space-around | space-evenly;
space-between:两端对齐,项目之间的间隔都相等
space-around:每个项目两侧的间隔相等。所以,项目之间的间隔比项目与边框的间隔大一倍。
space-evenly : flex 容器起始边缘和第一个 flex 项之间的间距和每个相邻 flex 项之间的间距是相等。

设置了justify-content后再还可以单独设置item的margin:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">

<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
    <title>Document</title>
</head>
<style>
    .flex-container {
        display: flex;
        flex-direction: row;
        justify-content: space-between;
    }
    /* 以下为辅助样式 */
    
    .flex-container {
        background-color: #F0f0f0;
    }
    
    .flex-container .flex-item {
        padding: 20px;
        background-color: #B1FF84;
    }
    
    .flex-container .flex-item:first-child {
        background-color: #F5DE25;
    }
    
    .flex-container .flex-item:last-child {
        background-color: #90D9F7;
    }
</style>

<body>

    <div class="flex-container">
        <div class="flex-item">1</div>
        <div class="flex-item">2</div>
        <div class="flex-item" style="margin-right: 20px;margin-left: 400px;">3</div>
    </div>
</body>

</html>

stretch:如果项目未设置高度或设为auto,交叉轴对齐方式默认值为stretch,将占满整个容器的高度
flex-start:如果项目设置了高度,交叉轴对齐方式默认值为 flex-start

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">

<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
    <title>Document</title>
</head>
<style>
    .flex-container {
        display: flex;
        flex-direction: row-reverse;
        justify-content: space-between;
        align-items: center
    }
    
    .flex-container {
        height: 60px;
        background-color: #F0f0f0;
    }
    
    .flex-container .flex-item {
        background-color: #B1FF84;
        height: 30px;
        width: 30px;
        text-align: center;
        line-height: 30px;
    }
    
    .flex-container .flex-item:first-child {
        background-color: #F5DE25;
    }
    
    .flex-container .flex-item:last-child {
        background-color: #90D9F7;
    }
</style>

<body>
    <div class="flex-container">
        <div class="flex-item">1</div>
        <div class="flex-item">2</div>
        <div class="flex-item">3</div>
    </div>
</body>

</html>

可以在某个特定的 flex 项上使用 align-self CSS 属性,来使该特定的 flex 项与容器中的其他 flex 项进行对齐。

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">

<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
    <title>Document</title>
</head>
<style>
    .flex-container {
        display: flex;
        flex-direction: row-reverse;
        justify-content: space-between;
        align-items: center
    }
    
    .flex-bottom {
        align-self: flex-end
    }
    
    .flex-container {
        height: 60px;
        background-color: #F0f0f0;
    }
    
    .flex-container .flex-item {
        background-color: #B1FF84;
        height: 30px;
        width: 30px;
        text-align: center;
        line-height: 30px;
    }
    
    .flex-container .flex-item:first-child {
        background-color: #F5DE25;
    }
    
    .flex-container .flex-item:last-child {
        background-color: #90D9F7;
    }
</style>

<body>
    <div class="flex-container">
        <div class="flex-item">1</div>
        <div class="flex-item">2</div>
        <div class="flex-item flex-bottom">3</div>
    </div>
</body>

</html>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">

<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
    <title>Document</title>
</head>
<style>
    .flex-container {
        display: flex;
        flex-direction: row-reverse;
        justify-content: space-between;
        flex-wrap: wrap;
        width: 100px;
        height: 60px;
        background-color: #F0f0f0;
    }
    
    .flex-container .flex-item {
        background-color: #B1FF84;
        height: 30px;
        width: 30px;
        text-align: center;
        line-height: 30px;
    }
</style>

<body>
    <div class="flex-container">
        <div class="flex-item">1</div>
        <div class="flex-item">2</div>
        <div class="flex-item">3</div>
        <div class="flex-item">4</div>
        <div class="flex-item">5</div>

    </div>
</body>

</html>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">

<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
    <title>Document</title>
</head>
<style>
    .flex-container {
        display: flex;
        flex-direction: row-reverse;
        justify-content: space-between;
        flex-wrap: wrap;
        align-content: space-evenly;
    }
    
    .flex-container {
        width: 100px;
        height: 300px;
        background-color: #F0f0f0;
    }
    
    .flex-container .flex-item {
        background-color: #B1FF84;
        height: 30px;
        width: 30px;
        text-align: center;
        line-height: 30px;
    }
    
    .flex-container .flex-item:first-child {
        background-color: #F5DE25;
    }
    
    .flex-container .flex-item:last-child {
        background-color: #90D9F7;
    }
</style>

<body>
    <div class="flex-container">
        <div class="flex-item">1</div>
        <div class="flex-item">2</div>
        <div class="flex-item">3</div>
        <div class="flex-item ">4</div>
        <div class="flex-item">5</div>
        <div class="flex-item">6</div>
        <div class="flex-item">7</div>

    </div>
</body>

</html>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">

<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
    <title>Document</title>
</head>
<style>
    .flex-container {
        display: flex;
        width: 50px;
    }
    /* 以下为辅助样式 */
    
    .flex-container {
        background-color: #F0f0f0;
    }
    
    .flex-container .flex-item {
        width: 50px;
        text-align: center;
        background-color: #B1FF84;
    }
    
    .flex-container .flex-item:first-child {
        background-color: #F5DE25;
    }
    
    .flex-container .flex-item:last-child {
        background-color: #90D9F7;
    }
</style>

<body>
    <div class="flex-container">
        <div class="flex-item">1</div>
        <div class="flex-item">2</div>
    </div>
</body>

</html>

上例中item的宽度会缩小到25px

flex-grow 只有在 flex 容器中有剩余空间时才会生效。flex 项的 flex-grow 属性指定该 flex 项相对于其他 flex 项将拉伸多少,以填充 flex 容器。默认值为1。当设置为 0 时,该 flex 项将不会被拉伸去填补剩余空间。在这个例子中,两个项的比例是 1:2,意思是在被拉伸时,第一个 flex 项将占用剩余空间的 1/3,而第二个 flex 项将占据剩余空间的2/3。(如果item不定义flex-grow,也不定义宽度,则item宽度由内容决定)

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">


<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
    <title>Document</title>
</head>
<style>
    .flex-container {
        display: flex;
        width: 180px;
        padding: 10px;
        background-color: #F0f0f0;
    }
    
    .flex-item1 {
        flex-grow: 0;
    }
    
    .flex-item2 {
        flex-grow: 1;
    }
    
    .flex-item3 {
        flex-grow: 2;
    }
    
    .flex-container .flex-item {
        padding: 20px 0;
        text-align: center;
        width: 30px;
        background-color: #B1FF84;
    }
    
    .flex-container .flex-item:first-child {
        background-color: #F5DE25;
    }
    
    .flex-container .flex-item:last-child {
        background-color: #90D9F7;
    }
</style>



<body>
    <div class="flex-container">
        <div class="flex-item flex-item1">1</div>
        <div class="flex-item flex-item2">2</div>
        <div class="flex-item flex-item3">3</div>
    </div>
    </div>
</body>



</html>

上例中,item的宽度即使不定义,item2和item3也会拉升,item1宽度由内容决定

案例

响应式菜单

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">

<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
    <title>Document</title>
</head>
<style>
    /*Flexbox是一个相当优秀的属性,它可能会成为未来版面布局的一部分。
    如果考虑到只处理移动方面的,那么兼容性就可以忽略了。
    -moz代表firefox浏览器私有属性
    -ms代表IE浏览器私有属性
    -webkit代表chrome、safari私有属性*/
    
    .navigation {
        list-style: none;
        margin: 0;
        background: deepskyblue;
        display: -webkit-box;
        display: -moz-box;
        display: -ms-flexbox;
        display: -webkit-flex;
        display: flex;
        /*多栏多列布局*/
        -webkit-flex-flow: row wrap;
        /*让灵活的项目在必要的时候进行拆行*/
        justify-content: flex-end;
    }
    
    .navigation a {
        text-decoration: none;
        display: block;
        padding: 1em;
        color: white
    }
    
    .navigation a:hover {
        background: #00AEE8
    }
    
    @media all and (max-width:800px) {
        .navigation {
            justify-content: space-around
        }
    }
    
    @media all and (max-width:600px) {
        .navigation {
            -webkit-flex-flow: column wrap;
            padding: 0
        }
    }
    /*宽度小于600的时候自动换行:*/
    
    .navigation a {
        text-align: center;
        padding: 10px;
        border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3);
        border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1)
    }
    
    .navigation li:last-of-type a {
        background: #00AEE8;
        border-bottom: 0;
    }
    /*指定父元素的最后一个 li 元素的背景色: li:nth-child(3) li的第3个元素   li:first-child 父元素的第一个子元素li里的内容*/
</style>

<body>
    <ul class="navigation">
        <li><a href="#">首页</a></li>
        <li><a href="#">简介</a></li>
        <li><a href="#">公司介绍</a></li>
        <li><a href="#">联系我们</a></li>
    </ul>
</body>

</html>
  1. flex-flow 属性是 flex-direction 和 flex-wrap 属性的复合属性

  2. 默认情况下,每个flex项目的宽高由内容决定

  3. 通过媒体查询,浏览器宽度小于800时,让项目在主轴均匀分隔,小于600时,变为纵向排列

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