父母如何影响孩子对待人际关系的态度?

2019-02-19  本文已影响0人  ZHU_Chenyu

这是Rowland Miller所著的 Intimate Relationship 的读书笔记系列一,由于这本书讨论的点过于丰富,因次每篇读书笔记主要摘取书中某章中的某一节内容进行讨论。

Attachment Style

一个人如何对待人际关系一定是和他与人交往的经历相关的,而人出生后第一个互动的对象便是自己的监护人(大多数情况为父母)。对待人际关系的方式又被称为依恋形态(Attachment Style),在1969年,Bowlby等人对依恋形态做了一项研究,以调查依恋形态的几种形式。

A Secure Style of Attachment

他们发现能够得到父母更多回应式照顾与保护的儿童能够建立一种安全的依附方式(A Secure Style of Attachment):他们乐于与别人互动,并且能够轻松信任他人。(注:原文. As a result, such children developed a secure style of attachment: They happily bonded with others and relied on them comfortably, and the children readily developed relationships characterized by relaxed trust.)

Anxious-Ambivalent Attachments

而对于另外的一些儿童情况则不一样,如果监护人在照顾孩子中常有分心或者明显表现出焦虑情绪,以及常把孩子丢下不管,他们将会建立一种焦虑而矛盾的形态(Anxious-Ambivalent Attachments),由于不确定监护人什么时候能够回归,他们将变得紧张且粘人,在与他人的关系中需要帮助。(注:原文.These children thus developed fretful, mixed feelings about others known as anxious-ambivalent attachments. Being uncertain of when (or if) a departing caregiver would return, such children became nervous and clingy, and were needy in their relationships with others. )

Avoidant Style of Attachment

最后,对于不情愿以及对儿童表现出敌对情绪的监护人,这些儿童会认为与他人交往没有益处,表现出逃避的依附方式 (Avoidant Style of Attachment)。他们时常会对他人产生怀疑和愤怒,并且难以信任别人。(注:原文. Such children learned that little good came from depending on others, and they withdrew from others with an avoidant style of attachment. Avoidant children were often suspicious of and angry at others, and they did not easily form trusting, close relationships.)

Four Style of Attachment

1990年Bartholomew将依恋形态从3种推广到了4种,并且重新定义了这四种依恋形态:

The Influence From Infants

不幸的是,这样的影响是从儿童时代开始一直延申到成年的(Cindy Hazan and Phillip Shaver,1987)。一项调查问卷表明,受访者中的60%能在亲密关系中得到安全感,而40%的人相反,他们无法更容易地建立对他人的信任。问卷还让受访者回忆他们儿时的依恋形态,在亲密关系中能获得安全感的人中,大部分儿童时代便是A Secure Style of Attachment,与之相反,没有安全感的那40%的人中,大部分都是Anxious-Ambivalent Attachments以及Avoidant Style of Attachment。因此,父母对孩子性格的影响与父母对孩子的照顾方式密切相关,并且这种影响会一直持续到他们成年。

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